Things Fall Apart (Coming of White Men)

Thing Fall Apart Chinua Achebe Discuss how the coming of the White men makes Umuofia â€Å"fall apart†. Make reference to the religious, economic, political and social impact of the British culture on the traditions of the clan. As the novel opens, we get to know Umuofia, one of Igbo’s nine villages, as an organized but somehow different civilization. Chinua Achebe portrays life in this village as rough and harsh, conveying to the readers that only brave men would succeed in it. As said before, even though these civilizations are stereotyped and seen as primitive, we can clearly see that their lives are completely balanced between faith and order.It is actually astonishing to see how such a different way of life, to what we think and see as the normal life, may be as much or even more organized than ours. Even though both civilization are completely organized and function perfectly well, they could never live together in harmony. One would end up consuming the other as they were not meant to coexist. We may think we are educating and helping â€Å"uncivilized men†, but we are actually disintegrating their beliefs, their organization, their politics and their language. We are not aiding them, but destroying their religion and their society.We are, in other words, banishing their culture. A culture that will be lost forever. Hence, we may say, that in many ways the coming of White men made Umuofia â€Å"fall apart†. To begin with, the coming of the white men made Umuofia fell apart as their religion was greatly affected. The village of Umuofia was sustained by their beliefs and their gods, who criticized and punished the lazy men and those who were not worthy of worshipping them. Therefore the coming of a new monotheist and more peaceful religion brought huge changes in some of Umuofia’s most important traditions.These white men questioned most of Umuofia’s beliefs such as the dangers that inhabited the evil forest by set ting their livings there. This first action brought great controversy in the clan as people thought that whoever stayed in the forest for a certain period of time would painfully die. The resistance these white men showed to that â€Å"evil force† led many people to get interested in the new religion. People suddenly began questioning their own beliefs and traditions, questioning why they should venerate gods who were bound to punish, and not one God who was merciful towards humanity.The village divided in to those who remained steadfast to their traditions, and those who began to adopt the new ones. Society completely turned over after these events. Those who turned into Christianity were seen as the elite of the society. The clan was getting weaker and weaker every day, as more and more people turned into Christianity. The time soon come that the clansmen had not enough forces to control the missionaries. They should have reacted before, but only the exiled Okonkwo was brav e enough to face the white men.Hence, we may conclude that the imposition of a new religion severely damaged the village by, splitting it in two, reducing their forces and their willing to fight, and proving most of their beliefs false. Summarizing this, it massively weakened the most powerful and feared clan of the nine villages. Economically, Umuofia was also affected by the arrival of white men. Hitherto, Umuofia had presented us a hierarchical society, were men who showed to be brave, hard workers and strong enough, occupied the highest places in society, while lazy and unmanly men were found at the bottom of the pyramid.Since, the missionaries arrived, things turned around, the lazy and humble men who decided to accept and worship the new god began to get richer and richer, while the hard worker farmers were left behind. Money began circulating in the tribe but only those who turned into Christianity had it. Hence, no one interested in trading, and so, farmers were getting poor er every day. We may say that Umuofia was not destroyed economically but it was greatly affected, some suffered a lot of it, but some others were benefited by these changes. The arrival of the white men also led to massive changes in the village’s politics.They subjected the villagers to their own judicial system and rules, imposing an extremely different and harsh government over them. As white men didn’t respect nor understand the clan’s customs, many men were punished for following their â€Å"uncivilized† traditions. In chapter twenty one Okonkwo discusses with Obierika about Aneto, who was recently hanged by the government after he killed a man with whom he had a dispute. Clearly the new ruling system didn’t take into account old customs. It is completely correct actually, to punish a murderer, or any kind of criminal, but by doing so we are destroying their customs and their traditions.When Enoch unmasked an Egwugwu, considered to be the high est possible crime in Umuofia, the church did nothing, as again, they didn’t respect their customs. Unmasking an Egwugwu in Umuofia is as much or even more harsh than killing a man is for the white men, it can only be compared with killing a god. Once again, the new government doesn’t punish this event. This is a great example of how, Umuofia was left weak and subjected to the white men ruling. We can see now, that they are not trying to make Umuofia a more civilized village, but a more British one.Hence we may conclude that by imposing a new government who ignores their customs, the coming of the white men are making Umuofia fall apart. Finally, culturally Umuofia also fell apart thanks to the arrival of the white man. The new comers introduced a school, which taught their own rules, their beliefs, and their culture. They educated younger villagers that way, so that they could later control them more easily. They were kind of brain washed to believe and trust whatever they do. Education is not bad, of course, but they were not educating them to be better and more intelligent villagers, they were educating them to be other persons.They changed their minds. Young boys were dragged out of farming into the school. In other words, they were dragged out of their lives, from whom they really are. Another cultural change imposed by the white men were hospitals, we can’t say that’s something bad, but that is not how Umuofia is. When we say that it â€Å"fell apart†, we are not actually saying that everything went wrong for them, that all changes were bad. Some, like the introduction of hospitals in the tribe, were actually a massive improvement.Indeed, some of the politics imposed do try to make Umuofia a â€Å"safer† place, where killing is punished, and leaving twins in the forest to die is seen as an abomination. That’s perfectly fine, they may be improving in some ways their lives, but the culture, the old tradition s, their beliefs, everything was lost. Everything Umuofia was, suddenly banished. Everything it represented, their gods, their traditions, and their culture were destroyed. Nobody left to defend their customs, nobody left to respect them. Only memories were left of Okonkwo, Umuofia and their old lives. Everything Umuofia was†¦ fell apart.

African sham marriages in the UK Essay

Introduction Acknowledgements                      I would like to thank the following people for their continued support to make the completion of this dissertation a success. My supervisor Harpreet for her continuous advice and guidance through the project, my sociology tutor Hasnain for imparting and equipping me with the necessary knowledge to undertake this project and John the dissertation tutor for his continued advice as I worked through the project. My friends Charity, Becky and Emma for their continued moral support while working on this. My parents too for are highly appreciated for their support. Above all God for making it possible.Statistics from the immigration department in the UK reveal that up to 40,000 visa clearances into the UK were granted on the grounds of family. In comparison to this, 300,000 visas were issued for study purposes and 140000 for work obligations. Most of the visas issued to the UK for family members are those of accompanying marriage partners or fiancà © inst ead of close relationship with the children CITATION Dav01 l 1033 (Jacobs, 2001). This statistical evidence point on the need for the UK government to deal with the increased abuse of right of movement by people into the UK in the name of marriage partnerships of convenience. This is so because of the ease of those moving into the UK beating the stringent immigration controls. The increase in the number of people abusing these immigration laws increase the urgency of dealing with sham marriages especially from Africans moving into the UK. These kinds of marriages of convenience are often used by those whose live in the UK has expired or close to expiry and have often exhausted all available means of extending their stay in the country. Most of the motivation for engaging in these sham marriages activities includes the financial gain from such activities. This paper will therefore have an in-depth examination of the concepts of sham marriages in the UK. An examination of the factors that influence African minorities to engage in such practices will be done. Immigration policies in the UK and existing literature on Sham marriages will be analyzed in addition to sociological reason for the existence of Sham marriages CITATION Tar10 l 1033 (Janoski, 2010). The UK legal system, it is not a criminal offence to engage in sham marriage but rather the prosecution is done of crimes that are related to the offences committed. These include perjury, immigration conspiracy and bigamy. In the event that an immigrant makes an application for entry into the UK and makes claim of civil partnership and it is discovered to be a sham then the person would be ejected from the UK. The UK has put in place different mechanisms and provisions to deal with such cases of people entering the UK through sham marriages. Such measures include scrutiny of these marriages to determine if they are indeed legitimate. Upon discovery of such arrangements being a sham and only a tool of beating the immigration rules certain penalties are applied to them like deterrence which will prevent them from commission of the offences in future. The following are the practices that must be put in place to deal with this menace this include giving the relevant authorities the power to stop a marriage from taking place as soon as discovery is made that it is a sham marriage. A proper definition of what constitutes a marriage should be given in order to properly identify a marriage that is of convenience. Family migration into the UK is quite a common phenomenon. This has happened historically for quite a long time since the early 1960’s. Since then it has become a huge source of immigration into the UK. The integration of the new migrants is dependent on the efforts of the migrants and the social political and economic conditions that are prevalent in the UK. Efforts to restrict the entry of certain migrants into the UK are quite questionable with questions being raised as to whether it is a violation of human rights through the restriction of freedom of movement. Methodology A combination of primary research and secondary research was used for data collection. The under laying research was conducted in order to establish the ability of using web questionnaires as a quantitative method in analyzing married people behaviors as opposed to the traditional use of support-administered questionnaires. For data gathering purposes with focus on couple’s behaviors, the research utilized the use of web questionnaires as quantitative approach with a tally of 40 couples constituting of both males and females. The findings and conclusions credibility is extensively dependent on the research design quality, data collection and management and the final analysis of the data collected. In justifying the means in which the study results were to be obtained, discussed in the underlying chapters are the procedures and methods exploited with a basis on description of data obtained, how the data obtained is to be processed/analyzed, its interpretation and final correlation of collected data to come up with a credible conclusion. Explicitly, the research w ill cover; research design to be utilized and methods, data collection materials, respondents to be analyzed and the data analysis process. Research Method                      Data collected form an online web-based questionnaire will be analyzed after a cumulated period of 14 days after administration of online questionnaires to individual couples. No contact was made between the primary investigator and the couples but they were rather handed sealed envelopes containing consent forms. Those who were inclined to participate after acquisition of consent were top use a link provided in the information sheet sealed in the envelope that guided them to the online questionnaire platform. The platform was designed to give a 14 day open window for questionnaire completion since distribution date with an approximated questions estimated to take around 10 minutes that included a series of variables. The adapted variables will then be scored on the five point Likert scale on the basis of (1=Never, 2 = Not Often, 3 = Sometimes, 4 = Often, 5 = Always). Statistical Analysis                      Descriptive and correlated analyses were carried out on all variables with express emphasis being laid on reckless behavior analyses to describe common characteristics among participants. Chi-square tests came into play here to pint out a comparison in the socio-demographics of the study defined as age, gender and cultural identity of the participants in the study. Just like all women in the UK, the immigrant women are highly risked individuals prone to any form of domestic violence. Because of their status it is difficult to report their abuse. The immigrant women who end up in the UK through illegal ways like human trafficking. They, therefore, feel trapped in these abusive relationships because of the stringent laws of immigration, social discrimination, language barrier and lack of financial resources. There have been efforts by the federal UK to pass legislation that is aimed at protecting the immigrant from all forms of domestic violence. The federal laws have opened up safe and new ways to gain citizenship in UK. The domestic abuse issues on immigrant women are still thorny not only to the immigrant women but also women in the UK. Most of the immigrant women that victims of domestic violence are Latinas and Koreans. More so, the brunt of domestic violence is borne by married immigrant women than the unmarried immigrant women CITATION Lou04 l 1033 (Marshall, 2004). The most common form of blackmail in this kind of abusive is the immigration status as a control tool. This is a common tool that makes the partners in these relationships to stay put. This further prolongs the abuse in such a relationship. The immigrant women often are prone to a high rate of abuse because they of the mere fact that they originate form cultures that allow domestic violence and due to the fact that they less access to social and legal services compared to the legal citizens of the UK . Immigrant women who are battered and make attempts to flee the country cannot have access to shelter, food or financial assistance. The barriers the battered women face include the fact that they may not have limited access to a certified court interpreter while reporting any battering complains to the police. Another hurdle they encounter is the difficulty they encounter in the acquisition of information relating to the legal system and their rights CITATION Son09 l 1033 (Sydney, 2009). There have been various efforts to eliminate this violence against immigrant women. The bills have been made into law. The laws are aimed at the reduction of domestic violence in UK. The laws are intended to make the women to report any form of abuse leveled against them to the relevant authorities. These laws are aimed at making some specific protections against the immigrants. These laws are meant to cover even the gay and lesbian community. The laws clearly define the right to obtain some legal protection from the consent. That any person regardless of the legal status has the right to be freed from an abusive spouse. Victims of domestic abuse in UK are to have access to any help offered by the government. These services by the government include interpretation, safety planning, counseling, emergency planning and medical care. If an immigrant does not qualify to get legal representation then the law requires the provision of a legal officer to assist in the resolving of any domestic violence dispute CITATION LEd05 l 1033 (Purcell, 2005). There are several endeavors by the UK governments to make amendments on laws that would protect the immigrant women from any form of domestic violence. The question of immigration has become one of the issues subject to debate in most parts of the world. As a matter of fact, it is among the subjects with legislations being proposed and enacted day in day out. Most countries all over the world have very stringent laws concerning this particular issue. The UK therefore is no exception. Through its law making body, it has come up with a number of laws that tend to restrict immigration into the UK. For instance, the naturalization Act extended the time period for non- residents of the UK to become citizens of the UK to fourteen years. The Alien Friends Act gave the prime minister the authority to deport any residents that were considered by the government to cause any danger to the peace and security of the UK. Finally, the Alien Enemies Act gave the prime minister the authority to appre hend and deport alien citizens in the case that their native countries were at war with the UK. These are just but a small percentage if laws that restrict immigration into the UK. Some of them have been repealed and amended. However, they only get more stringent. Why, one would ask, should non-citizens not be allowed into the UK CITATION Lou04 l 1033 (Marshall, 2004). In the case that the government of the UK allows non-citizens into the country of course through loosening the belt a little in terms of legislation, the economy of the UK is bound to become more efficient. This is because the consequence of immigration would be a reduction in the bottlenecks that face the country in terms of labor shortage, both skilled and unskilled CITATION Jop03 l 1033 (Charles, 2003). This would thereby imply that employment opportunities are created both for the immigrants and the Native Americans. Skilled labor supply in the UK takes a bell shape. This simply implies that there are a high number of people equipped with various skills for various fields but at the same time, there are still an equally high number of unskilled people. This calls for immigration of skilled labor into the country so as to balance the two. Immigrant labor force constitutes about 16 percent of the total labor force in the country. Moreover, in the case that immigration legislations are made less bureaucratic, a conducive environment for investors would be created. Entrepreneurs would be encouraged to come to the country and thereby explore the underutilized resources in the country to their full potential. This would also encourage foreign investors to make an investment in the country. The effects of increased investment to the Gross Domestic Product of a country are known, all positive. CITATION Joh02 l 1033 (Higham, 2002)A constant and sustained rise in the GDP of a country is the true meaning of economic growth and development. Foreign investment also creates employment opportunities for both the citizens and non-citizens of a country. This simply implies that there would be a rise in the per capita income of the country. It is very important to note that increased investment implies increased savings and thereby the credit facilities are also increased. All these point to the economic growth and developme nt of a country. CITATION LEd05 l 1033 (Purcell, 2005)In the event that the UK government allows non- citizens of the country into the country, it would promote cultural interaction and peaceful co-existence to some extent. It is ‘to some extent’ since later in the paper, we shall see how immigration could disrupt the peace that exists within a certain country. The world has a very great population and as such, a lot of diversities exist among the inhabitants of the world. As such, there are bound to be certain prejudices that exist about certain communities, their beliefs and so on and so forth. CITATION TGL10 l 1033 (Lagos, 2010)The best way to deal with such prejudices would be to create a platform through which various people from various parts of the world interact so as to understand each other’s cultures thereby demystifying certain myths and misconceptions that have for a long time been exaggerated. Immigration is one such platform. At the end of the day, peaceful co-existence between people or groups of people from varied social, cultural and economic backgrounds will be achieved. Critics could dispute this school of thought by attempting to compare peaceful co-existence with the cost on security that immigration comes with. CITATION Lou04 l 1033 (Marshall, 2004)Allowing non – citizens into the UK promotes the growth of the military force of the country. It has been recorded that non US citizens have served in the UK army since the time of the Revolutionary War. This implies that this group of people has served in the army for a very long time now. CITATION Rat90 l 1033 (Jekkins, 1990) Every year, there are about 8000 non UK citizens who enroll into the army. However, the military force is indeed a very sensitive section in the defense forces. As such, these non- citizens are subject to a lot of scrutiny and analysis and as such, they are expected to meet a number of requirements. This is owed to the sensitivity of this part icular department. There are certain posts and ranks beyond which a non-citizen cannot serve in the US army. In essence, each rank comes with its own minimal requirements. However, the current government has made attempts to give automatic citizenship to those non-citizens that have served in the UK army. This process, however, is still underway. However, this is a very critical area of security, not just in the UK but in most parts of the world generally. As a result, security, or rather, insecurity, is the main reason as to why there exist stringent laws that restrict immigration into a country. This takes us to the next segment of this paper, where the associated bottlenecks of immigration will be discussed. CITATION LEd05 l 1033 (Purcell, 2005)Indiscriminant immigration is the mother of all the security issues that are witnessed in any country. As a result, the government tries to make laws on immigration more stringent day in day out. The security of a country is one very sensi tive area. CITATION Dav01 l 1033 (Jacobs, 2001) As a matter of fact, the performance of a government is more often than not determined through the achievements it has made in security. At the end of the day, matters security is given number one priority at the expense of any other issue. Terror attacks are more often than not, facilitated by non-citizens of a country. The terrorists attacks 5that took place on the 11th of September in the US had a very great impact on the history of immigration. This is because each and every of the attackers that were able to be identified with respect to this particular attack was foreign born. They were all non- citizens of the America. After these attacks, the government of the UK targeted to ensure that the bar on immigration was raised even higher. As a result, there was the need of creation of policies and enactment of pieces of legislation that by all means, restricted immigration to the latter. This was indeed a period of anti- immigration. It is very important to note however, that at the end of the day, this particular reaction of the government towards immigration was not fruitful at all. This is attributed to the voice of the civil society that is by all means finding its way to the ears of the government. Advocates of civil rights have put forward their argument that the government could be going too far by enacting extra stringent laws that seek to limit or hinder immigration. According to this particular group, the government is, in the process, violating the rights and freedoms of immigrants. CITATION Tar10 l 1033 (Janoski, 2010) The government tends to be focusing more on investigations involving immigrants as opposed to focusing on the severity it is imposing on immigration through the policies that it comes up with. At this point in time therefore, the country is experiencing one of the greatest challenges of civil rights ever. This calls for an immediate remedy. In the case that the government of the UK allows indiscriminate immigration into the country, there would arise the problem of population upsurge. Through the restriction of immigration, the government is in one way or another trying to control the population of its country. Currently, the population of the citizens of the UK of America is rising at a very fast rate. CITATION Son09 l 1033 (Sydney, 2009) The implications of population growth arte one too many, some positive, some negative, with the negative taking a greater proportion. For instance, increased population growth creates a strain on the already scarce social and economic resources. In the event that immigration is not restricted or rather it is guarded by less stringent laws, the extra population would inflate this problem even further. Population growth, moreover, also strains the government. CITATION Joh02 l 1033 (Higham, 2002)The government is charged with the responsibility of service provision. Just like in the case of resources, an extra population would further compound this problem. Therefore, the government tries to control the problem of population upsurge even as it restricts immigration. The government could also aim at establishing, or rather implementing quarantine when it restricts immigration. CITATION Dav01 l 1033 (Jacobs, 2001) Quarantine is the process by which the government restricts the immigration more especially of non- citizens from a country that has been affected by a certain epidemic. This way, it is able to prevent the spread of a certain disease that could be rather harmful to its citizens. A good example is the recent restriction of people from African countries that had been affected by the Ebola virus. This was purely for the good of the people of the UK, considering the severity of this virus. CITATION LEd05 l 1033 (Purcell, 2005)Immigration could dilute the cultural identity of a country, unemployment as well as the depreci8ation of wages in a country. Wages are d etermined in the labor market. As a matter of fact, wages have an inverse relationship with labor, that is, the availability of labor. When labor is easily and readily available, the wages are low. The inverse is also true. When labor is not readily available, the wages are usually high. In the event that non-citizens are indiscriminately allowed into the UK, this would mean that there would be a high supply of labor. As such, labor would be easily and readily available at the end of the day thereby creating a downward pressure on the wages. CITATION Rat90 l 1033 (Jekkins, 1990)This, at the end of the day, would affect both the citizens and non-citizens of the country since they are all part of the labor market. This is a major setback to the economic development of any country as it greatly affects the GDP of a country as well as the Per Capita Income. CITATION Joh02 l 1033 (Higham, 2002) Cultural dilution could also occur as a result of indiscriminate immigration into a country ba sed on citizenship. As seen earlier, indiscriminate immigration would promote the elimination of prejudices that people could have about certain cultures. However, it could in the same way, dilute the cultures of the native land. This is bound to be experienced especially where there is a lot of interaction between the natives and the immigrants. The natives tend to adopt the mannerisms of the immigrants. Through this, a country ends up losing its cultural identity. Final is the problem of unemployment. In one way or another, this is connected with labor. Indiscriminate immigration leads to growth of the labor market as seen earlier. This labor could be both skilled and unskilled. Whichever way, there is bound to be increased manpower. CITATION Dav01 l 1033 (Jacobs, 2001) However, the increased manpower is not necessarily in areas where there was a shortage of labor. In any case, the increased manpower would disrupt the equilibrium that already exists in the labor market. At the end of the day, the supply of labor is too high to the extent that there is a surplus leading to the problem of unemployment. From the analysis above, it is possible to put the benefits as well as the challenges that would come with the government of the UK allowing immigration. As a result, it can be concluded that this act would have its advantages as well as its limitations. However, the downside of less stringent policies on immigration outweighs the advantages or rather the benefits. At the end of the day, immigration would promote growth of labor, cultural integration and so on but at the expense of other issues that are very important to any country, security topping the list. CITATION Lou04 l 1033 (Marshall, 2004)The recommendation arrived at by this research paper would be a slight change in the policies that restrict immigration. Basically, the government should, by all means adjust the policies that it comes up with so as to ensure that the rights of the immigrants are protected but at the same time, the rights of the native citizens are protected as well. This strikes a balance between the right s and freedoms of the two groups. Moreover, the government should also ensure effective implementation of the already existing policies to the latter. Results                      According to the Asylum Act of 1999, the immigration registration officers were required by law to furnish the Home office with evidence in the event that they suspected a marriage was sham and was only made possible for purposes of beating the immigration system. Since 2001, the following figures show the number of reported suspected cases of sham. Year Number of reported suspicious marriages 2001 752 2002 1205 2003 2648 2004 3578 2005 452 2006 282 2007 384 2008 344 2009 561 2010 934 2011 1741 2012 1891 2013 986 From this tabular presentation, it is clear that in 2005 there was a reduction in the number of reported cases of suspicious sham marriages. This is attributed to the government policy of introduction of certificate of approval. Upon suspicion of a marriage being a sham, the immigration officials were legally allowed to make a home visit to the couple’s house to determine if indeed the marriage was genuine. This could lead to arrest of the individuals if it was proved that their relationship was ingà ©nuine. Prosecution and charging in court for the crime of facilitation of illegal immigration would then follow/ There have been different proposal on the amendment of the marriage Act that would result in the alteration of the procedure of marriage notice. The period of notice is proposed to be changed to two weeks from the initial 3 weeks. The notice by license that was initially a day was got rid of. It was mandatory for people to give notice of their nationality and residence this would be beneficial to get rid of the concept of sham marriages. The scheme of certificate of approval was used as a government strategy to get rid of sham marriages in the UK. It was somewhat successful in dealing with sham marriages. The procedure was such that those without leave or with 3 or 6 months remaining at their application time were automatically denied marrying permission. This translated to a reduction on reports of sham marriages as shown in the table below: Year Received application Issued Denied 2005 13,865 9,725 2,092 2006 17,955 14,569 1,024 2007 17,316 14,518 409 2008 18,720 16,114 734 2009 24,042 19,835 1,517 2010 23,052 13,749 876 From this statistics, the number of marriages fell by 10 percent between 2004 and 2005. This was as a result of the introduction of certificate of approval that was aimed at reduction on the number of sham marriages. The introduction made it impossible for sham marriages to thrive hence the reduction in the number of marriage in those said years. However this has met a lot of opposition from the human rights activist who consider it a violation of human rights thus leading to its eventual abolition in totality. Since 2003, there have been several changes to rules of immigration increasing the period from I year to 2 years for one to settle in the UK on the basis of marriage. This period later increased to five years in 2012 in give a better test of relationship genuineness so that settlement in the UK can be based on the relationship. Several operations have resulted in arrests of different nationals in relation to sham marriages. The following are some of the results of people experiences in relation to the arrest on sham marriages. In an operation between the Dutch government and the UK that was aimed at arresting Dutch nationals who were in collusion with some Nigerian nationals in order to allow them stay in the UK. This led to around 130 arrests in both countries with 77 convictions on sham marriages some serving a jail term of up to 100 years for the crime. This led to extradition of Dutch nationals for colluding to fraud the immigration authorities in sham marriages arrangements. This operation also revealed other crimes that were committed by these individuals who engage in sham marriages. Some of the crime uncovered includes money laundering, sexual assault and human trafficking.Factors that contribute to such behaviors by minoritiesCriminology scholars have divergent views on terrorism and organized crim e with some describing them as two different crime forms. Terrorism is chiefly driven by ideology and the need for a political revolution. On the other hand, organized crime focuses on acquisition of economic profit through illegal market mechanisms. In recent years there have been efforts to link the two criminal activities. This started after the discovery that proceeds made from sales of drugs by some criminal gangs were used to fund terrorist activities. This was as an effort to advance a particular political agenda. Terrorism therefore benefited from organized crime in the sense that they got funding or their activities of the illegal businesses operated by these criminal gangs. The symbiotic relationship between organized crime and terrorism has been in existence spanning numerous of decades. Because of the absence of financial means of supporting terrorist activities, the terrorists involve themselves in different forms of lucrative crimes through organized crime. The denial by authorities on accessing means to conduct the terrorist activities, there involvement in crime is a way to procure the means of carrying out their activities. Numerous ways of human exploitation and participation in illegal markets are prerequisites of carrying out successful terrorist activities. Crime therefore has become a means to an end for terrorist because of lack of enough financing sources. Following the attack on the United States in September 2011 close links have been made between terrorism and transnational organized crime, money laundering, illegal drug and arms trafficking. It is the collaboration between illegal arms traffickers and terrorists that is fueling the terrorism activities even more. This is because the terrorists use the acquired firearms and nuclear bombs to instigate their terror activities thus promoting their political or religious agenda. There is increasing concern in an effort to understand the way terrorist fund their activities through criminal activities. These efforts are to solve and to find mechanisms to prevent or even disrupt these criminal activities in order to prevent terrorism. Most of these organized criminal activities like member recruitment, violence incitation, hiding of sources of funding and fundraising have been criminalized all over the world. Emerging forms of terrorism today are based on markets of violence and illicit economies. This has been influenced by the increasing conflicts between the world superpowers. The terrorist groups are able to gain advantage by exerting violence more in an effort to gain some reputation as being a violent group of people. The terrorists are able to finance their activities through shadow economies. The shadow economies are driven by their own by laws setting standards for themselves on smuggling and trafficking. The shadow economies created by these terror gr oups are also controlled by the demand for their illegal merchandise. The shadow economies are concerned with immigrant trafficking, drug markets, money laundering In recent years there has been an emergence of transnational communities that interact beyond specific geographical boundaries in solidarity. The emergence of these transnational communities of criminal will be the focus of this research paper with an in-depth analysis of Russian Mafia groups and their relationship to Terrorism. These organized crime groups have a clear set of networks and scamming that have explored new forms of violence. They have abundant resource for recruitment. These organized criminal gangs have developed some sophisticated organizational system where their intention is to dominate a place then champion for their own political agenda. Another strategy they employ is Internationalization where their ideologies are spread across borders thereby getting more followers hence promoting their terror activities. The gangs are sophisticated in terms of strategies and tactics. This entails the adoption of a new technology and weaponry in their activities. The convergence between terrorism and organized crime occurs through networking and cross border networks. This is done through huge investments and physical infrastructure rather through hierarchical organization. These networks offer the criminals flexibility, diversity and low visibility to the authorities. The network core values are enhanced by trust between its members and shared religious or other values. Despite the numerous reservations terror groups have as regards to their ideology and calling, they still participate in drug trade despite their blatant disregard of criminal activities. The terror groups are driven by the ideology mostly religion believes in their acts of terror being a calling from God. Through these ideologies, terrorists are able to attach a cause for their motive of engaging in the heinous acts. Most of the drugs originate from Middle East countries therefore the terrorist take advantage of the trade to finance their activities. In some instances, drugs are used as currency in committing acts of terrorism. The convergence between terrorism and organized crime occurs through networking and cross border networks. This is done through huge investments and physical infrastructure rather through hierarchical organization. These networks offer the criminals flexibility, diversity and low visibility to the authorities. The network core values are enhanced by trust between its members and shared religious or other values. Numerous ways of human exploitation and participation in illegal markets are prerequisites of carrying out successful terrorist activities. Crime therefore has become a means to an end for terrorist because of lack of enough financing sources. Following the attack on the United States in September 2011 close links have been made between terrorism and transnational organized crime, money laundering, illegal drug and arms trafficking. It is the collaboration between illegal arms traffickers and terrorists that is fueling the terrorism activities even more. This is because the t errorists use the acquired firearms and nuclear bombs to instigate their terror activities thus promoting their political or religious agenda. There is increasing concern in an effort to understand the way terrorist fund their activities through criminal activities. These efforts are to solve and to find mechanisms to prevent or even disrupt these criminal activities in order to prevent terrorism. Most of these organized criminal activities like member recruitment, violence incitation, hiding of sources of funding and fundraising have been criminalized all over the world. Emerging forms of terrorism today are based on markets of violence and illicit economies. This has been influenced by the increasing conflicts between the world superpowers. The network core values are enhanced by trust between its members and shared religious or other values. Numerous ways of human exploitation and participation in illegal markets are prerequisites of carrying out successful terrorist activities. Crime therefore has become a means to an end for terrorist because of lack of enough financing sources. Following the attack on the United State s in September 2011 close links have been made between terrorism and transnational organized crime, money laundering, illegal drug and arms trafficking. It is the collaboration between illegal arms traffickers and terrorists that is fueling the terrorism activities even more. The terrorist groups are able to gain advantage by exerting violence more in an effort to gain some reputation as being a violent group of people. The terrorists are able to finance their activities through shadow economies. The shadow economies are driven by their own bylaws setting standards for themselves on smuggling and trafficking. The shadow economies created by these terror groups are also controlled by the demand for their illegal merchandise. The shadow economies are concerned with immigrant trafficking, drug markets, money laundering. It is evident that there is a direct connection between organized crime and terrorism. Therefore, the different stakeholders must unite to fight vice there would be increased terrorism activities throughout the globe. A closer detailed look at the evidence linking terrorism and organized crime raise more speculation about the connection between the two vices. Organized crime will continue to provide the terrorists a continuous stream of income to finance their activities. The forms of crime that not so established terror groups might engage in are low yield and therefore may go undetected authorities. It is therefore a lesson to the authorities to make necessary efforts to try early and curb the terror activities. Poverty as a contributing factor to increase in sham marriagesThe Marxist ideology undermines conditions of production that are required to sustain the never ending capital accumulation. These production conditions include energy, soil, water, and so forth. They also include sufficient public systems of education, general infrastructures, and other services that are not directly produced by capital, but in order for them to accumulate effectively, need capital. When conditions of production get exhausted, the production costs for capital rise. As a result, this second contradiction creates an underproduction crisis trend, with substantial rising cost of labor and inputs, to balance the overproduction trend of too many commodities for too few customers. Similar to Marx’s ambiguity between capital and labor, this second contradiction thus threatens the existence of global equality. These inequalities in under consumption result to unnecessary consumption, a high debt rate and ba nkruptcy. For equality, Income needs be guaranteed and consequently markets will become unnecessary. Communities and elected governments will fairly decide upon the allocation of resources CITATION Sae02 l 1033 ( Saegert, Thompson, & Warren, 2002). Global over-consumption is a situation where use of resources overtakes the sustainable capacity of the environment. Global under-consumption arises due to insufficient consumer demand compared to the amount that got produced. The global imbalance between these two causes widespread problems. Most under-consumption within the globe system is caused by social inequity and economic deprivation. In a world reliant on money, hunger is mainly caused by poverty. Since economic deprivation is a prime cause, not only is economic justice a crucial merit in itself but a vital condition of ecological integrity. The human population has been over consuming, using and abusing the natural resources to points where society is at crossroads. Therefore, as a global population, we are on the verge of unsustainability and extinction. The state subsidies and some global companies distort provision of less nutritious foods by use of liberalist markets. The media emphasize on advertising products with a high amount of sugar and fats. The inactive lifestyle in the present generation makes individuals be laid back with no exercises to do. In a particular aspect of overconsumption, we buy things not to cater for basic needs. We try to satisfy some cavities in our lives and to create prestige about ourselves CITATION Mac09 l 1033 ( MacLeod, 2009). It is quite evident that deprivation as a result of low income early in life sets individuals on a pathway towards diminished occupational and educational achievement. These low income levels are harmful mainly because the expose the communities into environments that are extremely stressful. Low income communities face an astounding array of physical and psychosocial demands that place so much pressure on the capacities to adapt to life situations and tend to be toxic to the development of the brain and general self-esteem later on in adulthood CITATION Mac09 l 1033 ( MacLeod, 2009). The distribution of income among communities in the world clearly shows the looming inequality with some people at the top of the income economy structure while some at the bottom. This translates into poor health, poverty, low levels of education, starvation and reduced levels of life expectancies. A substantial number of poor people in most low status communities live in abject poverty while some people are relatively well-off. There is a significant increase in the economic disparities between the poorest communities and the most affluent communities. This means that the gap between the average citizen in the poorest and the richest communities is growing wider and getting wider and so has the chronic stress associated with low income problems CITATION Mac09 l 1033 ( MacLeod, 2009). From a sociological perspective social structures and social interaction present a crucial and basic understanding of how people in society interrelate and the importance of these relationships. Ideally, it has been argued that both social structures and social interactions are interdependent when it comes to establishing an individual’s identity. This essay will analyze the constant need for human beings to interact for existence while trying to strike a balance between social interaction and social structure in molding people’s identity as a low wage earner. Individuals growing up in low income communities demonstrate lower achievement in most social aspects of life because they are exposed to a wide range of risks. As a result, these risks build upon each other to elevate the levels of chronic stress within the human body and this chronic stress has a direct influence as it hinders overall performance like in academics by compromising the ability of these individuals to develop the required skills needed to better their lives on virtually all aspects of achievement CITATION Sae02 l 1033 ( Saegert, Thompson, & Warren, 2002). Low income communities are characteristic of people living in dire conditions and the political power and interests are often inconsiderate and insensitive and this is worsened the scenario as there is an increased level of diversion of resources. As a result of this, the people in this states lack access to basic health, education and food. Saegert ET all state that â€Å"Social relationships are structure inn society as a powerful determinant of the health status of all members of the society CITATION Mac09 l 1033 ( MacLeod, 2009). Individuals from low income families lag behind their higher income counterparts essentially on almost all achievement measures and this gap tends to increase as time goes by. Besides failure by parents to invest adequate time in cognitively stimulating their children, chronic stress bears the potential to hinder the cognitive functioning of a child and also undermines the development skills that are required to enhance academic achievement. Torre states â€Å"Low-income parents’ chronic stress affects their kids through chronic activation of their children’s immune systems, which taxes available resources and has long-reaching effects.† Basically the entire surrounding environment of low income communities such as schools and homes is often chaotic as the residents as highly exposed to pollution, crowding, inadequate school buildings, noise, poor housing, exposure to crime and violence and high rates of family separation and divorce. Such extreme conditions produce chronic stress that is capable of damaging the brain areas associated with memory, attention and language which are the essential determinants for academic success. Growing up in such environments is highly associated with a significant increase in risk factors and it is this elevated risk that links chronic stress to low income communities. Young infants born into low income communities exhibit health trajectories that indicate elevated levels of chronic stress. There also exists a strong link between chronic stress and achievement. Low income and hence poverty often leads to lower occupational an academic achievement as a result of the numerous risks that children from low income communities which in turn has a negative effect of an individual’s cognitive abilities. Low income communities, including both adults and children face high levels of chronic stress because of the emotional and financial pressures associated with lack of food and access to health care, low wages, inadequate or in some cases lack of transportation and poor housing. Individuals from such communities are linked to chronic stress due difficulty in paying bills or job related demands. Most of them are stressed as a result of their poor health conditions due to lack of access to basic health care and even if they do it may be of low quality. Individuals from low income communities are often associated with low achievement school groups which in turn exposes the to lower life expectations, less capable friends or a less rigorous curriculum. All of these further them to a disadvantage and consequently generates even more significant between group gaps. Such splaying is also attributed to poorer health and cognitive deficits that is generated by chronic stress. As a result, this deficit in cognitive ability and poor health then repeatedly disadvantage Low income communities from one social setting to another. One reason for chronic stress in low income communities is that individuals within that setting lag behind than their high income peers because parents interact with their children in ways that are not conducive for overall achievement. Parents from low income communities tend to be unresponsive and harsh. Therefore despite the fact that low income parents often provide sufficient levels of encouragement and support, their harshness and unresponsiveness however trivial it may be is highly associated with the fact their children will experience a problematic parenting style hence chronic stress CITATION Mac09 l 1033 ( MacLeod, 2009). In essence, family poverty has an effect on stress and this is in one way or another promoted by being exposed to risk. As much as critics would want to find facts that relate risk exposure to poverty, it would be easier to take this psychological relation just as it is. In any case, it has been put down in documents by a couple of investigators that children from disadvantaged or financially unstable families have a relatively higher level of chronic stress as compared to other children. This conclusion was made after it was established that these children have very high levels of blood pressure. Other studies have as well established that these same children possess very high levels of chronic stress hormones, for instance, cortisol. This finding was coupled with the prevalence of overnight urinary stress hormones in a number of disadvantaged children. Wilkinson in his article states â€Å" An antipathy between hierarchical relations across inequalities of power, income, and statu s on the one hand, and supportive social relations between equals on the other, is likely to exert a powerful influence on health.† All these illustrations point to the fact that poverty has a direct linkage to stress. In essence, children from disadvantaged families have high levels of chronic stress. Chronic stress has a number of effects. The effects could either affect one directly or indirectly. The most common effect of chronic stress is its effect on achievement. Chronic stress, to a large extent, affects both the degree and the level of achievement. Several studies have indicated that a great portion of the brain is vulnerable to early childhood deprivation. Some of the parts of the brain that are in this particular category are the language long term memory, executive control as well as long term memory. For this reason, it is crystal clear that the level of achievement of a child is bound to be affected. This is because achievement, in today’s society is determined by education. Education excellence is as a result of good memory as well as diligence. In the case that the brain is affected due to stress for one reason or another, it becomes quite difficult for the child to succeed in future. Generally, it can be deduced that any disadvantages that crop up as a resul t of the social or economic set up that a child is in greatly affect the achievement of the child in question. Poor children are more often than not, exposed to areas that do not promote cognitive stimulation. This, together with the poor parenting styles they are exposed to, discourage achievement. In a nutshell, the physical form of stressors that low income communities face is well documented; individuals in low income communities are exposed to environmental conditions such as harmful waste, water pollution, toxins, ambient air, crowding, residential turnover, poor maintenance and sanitation of their neighborhood, crime and traffic congestion. The psychosocial stressors take the form of significantly higher family turmoil levels, violence, lower routine and structure levels in their lives and parental and family separation. It is therefore quite obvious that a combination and exposure to such factors will definitely lead to chronic stress. The social stratification in society is a leading cause of race relations.   Race and gender intersect with political and economic forces in such a way that any form of discrimination against them denies one equal rights to political participation, franchise and exercise of citizenship because of the underlying distinction. The specific experiences or discrimination that an individual undergoes may influence their rights to education, food, health care or shelter. It is through these dimensions that the relative positions of race and gender create layers of political and economic inequality. Feminism as a contributing factor                      Feminism has always occupied quite a contradicting and complicated place in the field of critical theory. Since ages of yonder, society has always been divided under patriarchal terms with men being fostered as the dominant species in virtually all aspects of life be it the basic level of family, political, economic and the most equivocal of all religious fields. Feminism is further branched out into four varieties nurturing the women’s feminism and how they feel about themselves in society. One, there is liberal feminism that which circumvents itself around educational terms with emphasis on gender bigotry being undertaken on the pretext of ignorance. Gender, on the other hand, refers to a range of characteristics that define and differentiate between femininity and masculinity. These characteristics include biological and sexual characteristics of either men or women and are constructed socially by societal principles. However, going by the recent years implications by laws instigated to govern such, women in society are currently being held with high regard though their existence in higher circles is minimal. Since most discourses varyingly examine and challenge the ideological machinations of conventional representation, semiosis and metaphysics feminism tends to be tied to post structuralism, psychoanalysis, deconstruction and Marxism. However, on the other hand, feminism has a simple understated difference from theoretical traditions. Among all the schools of thoughts, it is feminism alone that takes as its departure point both the subject of women and women as subjects. This does not however imply that other fields do not give attention to the subject of women but instead when they do, the terms that account for women tend to be essentially masculine, with women only functioning as the eccentricity or disruption of the norm being implied. The way women are affected by patriarchy is quite different in social affiliation irrespective of whether these differences are based on class, race or sexuality. In our daily living we get to feed into the many benefits that come with the development of the technological landscape with express emphasis on the use of the internet and social media platforms as interactive tools and relationship builders. Though it is considered as the best thing to have ever happened to humankind, it comes with massive repercussions as opposed to benefits with regards to corroding the personalities of our young generation who are the higher percentage engaged in the use of the internet and various social media platforms. New media is one of the most powerful communication platforms in technology but with its innumerable communication benefits it is being described as with regards male dominance on constructivist feminism. However, through the use of technologies, instant communication has been made po ssible through the offering messaging interfaces for technological support purposes thus building on stronger gender based interactions. In the future technological developers and psychologists could come together and come up with age restrictive technology platforms and technological gadgets specifically designed for educational purposes so as to actualize beneficial returns Of major importance to this subject matter is the fact that oppression of women is not popularly recognized because the allegiance of women to men often tends to supersede their allegiance to their fellow women from different classes. Although there are certain economic and social factors that separate human beings, it is within these same groups that women are isolated from each other. This intrinsic form of isolation among women themselves is what hinders growth within them because they size as group is not strong enough to have any influence in society. References   MacLeod, J. (2009). Ain’t No Makin’ It: Aspirations and Attainment in a Low-income Neighborhood. Westview Press. Saegert, S. J., Thompson, P., & Warren, M. R. (2002). Social Capital and Poor Communities. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. A.K, M. (2011). Does Education increase Political Participation. Politics, 630-650. Charles, J. (2003). Citizenship and Ethnicity . Sociology, 431-457. Grills, A. E., & Ollendick, T. H. (2003). Multiple informant agreement and the anxiety disorders interview schedule for parents and children. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 30-40. Higham, J. (2002). Strangers in the Land; Patterns of American Nativism. New York: New York University Press. Jacobs, D. (2001). Immigrants in a Multicultural Sphere. Te Case of Brussels, 158-196. Janoski, T. (2010). The Ironies oF Citizenship. Naturalization and Integration in Industralized Countries, 189-275. Jekkins, R. (1990). Voting Rights. The Political Rights of Migrant Workers, 234-276. Lagos, T. (2010). Global Citizenship. Facts Behind Global Citizenship, 156-199. Marshall, ‎. (2004). Proposed Restriction of Immigration. United States. Congress. House. Committee on Immigration and Naturalization. Purcell, L. E. (2005). Immigration. Greenwood Publishing Group. Sydney, S. (2009). Democracy and Non-citizenship. Citizenship, 608-615. Burton, R. F. (2014).  First footsteps in east Africa; or, an exploration of Harar. Courier Corporation. Kelly, L., & Regan, L. (2000).  Stopping traffic: Exploring the extent of, and responses to trafficking in women for sexual exploitation in the UK  (Vol. 36). Home Office, Policing and Reducing Crime Unit. Palriwala, R., & Uberoi, P. (2008). Exploring the links: Gender issues in marriage and migration.  Marriage, migration and gender,  5, 23-60. Dyrud, M. A. (2005, October). i brought you a good news†: An analysis of nigerian 419 letters. In  Proceedings of the 2005 Association for Business Communication Annual Convention  (pp. 20-25). Ojo, S., Nwankwo, S., & Gbadamosi, A. (2013). Ethnic entrepreneurship: the myths of informal and illegal enterprises in the UK.  Entrepreneurship & Regional Development,  25(7-8), 587-611. Turner, J. (2014). The Family Migration Visa in the History of Marriage Restrictions: Postcolonial Relations and the UK Border.  The British Journal of Politics & International Relations. Allen, W. What Kinds of Immigrants Come or Stay? Illegality and UK Tabloid Portrayal of Immigrants. Sabbe, A., Temmerman, M., Brems, E., & Leye, E. (2014). Forced marriage: an analysis of legislation and political measures in Europe.  Crime, Law and Social Change,  62(2), 171-189. Barker, N. (2012).  Not the marrying kind: A feminist critique of same-sex marriage. Palgrave Macmillan. Cornwall, A., & Jolly, S. (2009). Sexuality and the development industry.Development,  52(1), 5-12. Grillo, R. (2011). 3 Marriages, arranged and forced: The UK debate.  Gender, generations and the family in international migration, 77. England, K., & Stiell, B. (1997). † They think you’re as stupid as your English is†: constructing foreign domestic workers in Toronto.  Environment and Planning A,  29(2), 195-215. Hoag, C. (2010). The magic of the populace: an ethnography of illegibility in the South African immigration bureaucracy.  PoLAR: Political and Legal Anthropology Review,  33(1), 6-25. Spencer, J., Aromaa, K., Junninen, M., Markina, A., Saar, J., & Vijanen, T. (2006).  Organised crime, corruption and the movement of people across borders in the new enlarged EU: A case study of Estonia, Finland and the UK. European Institute for Crime Prevention and Control, affiliated with the United Nations. Yuval-Davis, N., Anthias, F., & Kofman, E. (2005). Secure borders and safe haven and the gendered politics of belonging: Beyond social cohesion.  Ethnic and racial studies,  28(3), 513-535. Sanchez, A. (2010). Capitalism, violence and the state: crime, corruption and entrepreneurship in an Indian company town.  Journal of Legal Anthropology,2(1), 165-188. Kissoon, P. (2010). From persecution to destitution: A snapshot of asylum seekers’ housing and settlement experiences in Canada and the United Kingdom.  Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies,  8(1), 4-31. Fair, J. E., Tully, M., Ekdale, B., & Asante, R. K. (2009). Crafting lifestyles in urban africa: Young ghanaians in the world of online friendship.  Africa Today,55(4), 29-49. Rege, A. (2009). What’s love got to do with it? Exploring online dating scams and identity fraud.  International Journal of Cyber Criminology,  3(2), 494-512. 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Comparison of Public Health and Community Health

Comparison of Public Health and Community Health The introduction of Public Health agencies and associations facilitated major improvements to the health of the American people through the years. The health care needs of the nation dictated changes to these agencies and associations as the nation grew and new diseases, viruses, and bacteria emerged. Public health professionals focus on national, state, and county level of research, data analysis, and provide recommendations for health promotion. Community health professionals bring the information and recommendations identified by the public health professionals to the communities.This paper will focus on the history and development of Public Health and compare the differences and similarities between public and community health agencies. History and Development of Public Health Before the twentieth century few formal public health officials existed, often a member of the upper class filled the role. The growth of public health organ izations initially started in the quickly growing port cities along the east coast during the late 1800s. People entering from all over the world raised concern for catastrophic diseases entering the country.Louisiana was the first state to initiate a state board of health in 1855 and by the1880s most states in the union had formed their own boards. Ten health reformers met in New York City in 1872 and created of the American Public Health Association (APHA). The main goal of the APHA is â€Å"to protect all Americans, their families, and their communities from preventable, serious health threats and strives to assure community-based health promotion and disease prevention activities and preventative health services are universally accessible in the Unite States† (American Public Health Association, 2011).â€Å"In 1798, the United States Congress had passed the Act for the Relief of Sick and Disabled Seamen to finance the construction and operation of public hospitals in por t cities† (Scutchfield & Keck, 2009, p. 15), and this was the origin of the Marine Hospital Service. In 1871, John Maynard Woodward was appointed the Supervising Surgeon of the Marine Hospital Service. In 1879, yellow fever spread up the Mississippi Valley beginning in New Orleans, the devastation this caused lead to the creation of the National Board of Health.The National Board of Health tried to regulate quarantine laws between the states; this caused discontent with the states, as quarantine laws were valuable financially and politically. In 1883, the National Board of Health was terminated and the board powers went back to the Marine Hospital Service. â€Å"In 1912, the Marine Hospital Service became the United States Public Health Service, specifically authorized to investigate the causes and spread of disease and to provide health information to the public† (Scutchfield & Keck, 2009, p.15).Between the 1930s and 1944 the United States Public Health Services added engineers, dentists, research scientists, nurses, and other health care specialists to their arsenal. The United States Public Health Service continues today as the U. S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps with the mission of protecting and promoting the public health of the Nation and globally to prevent disease, sickness, and suffering (U. S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, 2011).The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) operates under the Department of Health and Human Services. Beginning July 1, 1946 as the Communicable Disease Center the initial focus was controlling Malaria in war areas. The last six decades have seen the CDC grow and include more responsibility to its program. â€Å"Today, CDC is the nation’s premier health promotion, prevention, and preparedness agency and a global leader in public health† (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2010).The CDC’s mission â€Å"is to collaborate to create the expertise, inform ation, and tools that people and communities need to protect their health – through health promotion, prevention of disease, injury and disability, and preparedness for new health threats† (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2010). The CDC collaborates with the states and health care administration around the country and abroad to maintain a surveillance system to thwart disease occurrences.County, State, and National Public Health Resources The goal of the U. S. Department of Health and Human Services is to provide protection of citizen’s health, and to provide services to the needy. Separate agencies focus care on individual needs, such as wellness (family planning, child health, newborn services), safety (abuse & neglect, domestic violence, food protection), disease education (asthma, diabetes, HIV, hepatitis), and support services (behavioral health, childcare, child support, Medicaid).â€Å"The New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services ( NH DHHS) is the largest agency in New Hampshire state government, responsible for the health, safety, and well being of the citizens of New Hampshire† (NH DHHS, 2011). New Hampshire DHHS provides services to individuals, children, families, and seniors with programs and services for residents with mental health, developmental disability, substance abuse, and public health. Each county has one or two offices. The Food Stamp Program helps residents meet nutritional needs by providing benefits to buy food at local grocery stores.Food Stamp benefits cover items like milk, meat, fish, eggs, rice, pasta, and infant formula. The Division of Child Support Services provides support to ensure every child in NH has financial and medical support from both parents. The Governor’s Commission on Disability assists residents who cannot continue working through providing resources from Social Security and Medicare or Medicaid. The Bureau of Behavioral health promotes â€Å"respect, rec overy, and full community inclusion for adults, including older adults, who experience a mental illness and children with an emotional disturbance† (NH DHHS, 2011).Public Health Public health nurses focus care on â€Å"the community or population as a whole; raising questions about its overall health status, and associated factors† (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2008, p. 14). Public health nurses come from a wide variety of specialties or may be credentialed in public health specifically. Some of the programs public health nurses focus on includes obesity, emergency preparedness, and chemical exposure prevention. Public health nurses work in schools, the workplace, and local government. Community HealthCommunity health is â€Å"the synthesis of nursing theory and public health theory applied to promoting, preserving, and maintaining the health of populations through the delivery of personal health care services to individuals and groups† (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2008, p. 1 6). These nurses work in government and private agencies focusing on improving the health of the communities. They provide education about health and disease prevention, nutrition, and childcare. Community health nurses work closely with health care organizations. An example of community health nursing is nurses who work for Community Health Centers or Parish nurses.Conclusion Public and Community Health Associations have improved and extended the quality of life of American citizens since their inception during the 1800s. Many changes occurred through the early years, and changes will likely continue into the future as the needs of the American people change. Public Health and Community Health are similar in that they each focus on the needs of the people; however, Public Health focuses on the larger scale of the needs of the people of the nation, and Community Health uses the information Public Health extrapolates and tailors the information to the needs of their community.

Communication Portfolio Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Communication Portfolio - Essay Example I also appreciate the lessons that I learned in the lectures about the CCCD Model of Communication because it taught me to become persuasive and to communicate well. Having gone through the course, I believe that my goals and objectives had changed for the better. Before the class started, I must admit that I share most of student’s perspective to at least pass the subject and hopefully, to do well. This goal changed with the perspective and insight that I learned from the class. I believe I am now more â€Å"professionally oriented† because I now look forward on getting my dream job and to get that, I have to prepare as early as now. My former mindset of just passing the subject has changed from actually learning it and set small achievable goals that can lead to achieving my bigger goals. Goals also do progression and we just do not achieve bigger goals immediately. We have to accustom ourselves in setting smaller goals and achieving it and it helps to actually write them down because it felt like we are committed to them. There are few lessons that I would like bring up in this paper because it resonated in me or left a lasting impression. It is about the lesson in conscious communication and interviewing. This chapter is important to me because I used to dread interviews, presentation and being â€Å"interrogated by serious people†. But I realize that to get the job that I dreamed of, I have to handle if not master interviews and overcome my fear of it. And the course indeed helped me overcome my fear about interviews. It did sonot by telling me not to fear it but rather on understanding its dynamics and providing me the tools to be effective at it. I learned that interviews vary and not just those â€Å"scary ones† and each type of them has different type of interactions of which the course taught me. I am glad however that I am provided with the tools to overcome my anxiety with interviews and succeed with it by using the CCCD model for interview which set the parameters for the interview that taught me the steps to become effective at it. It made me realize the common mistakes committed during interviews and by realizing it, taught me to avoid it and not to commit the same mistake. I believe that this knowledge and skills I learned from the course such as the CCCD model for interviewing will be invaluable in getting my dream job in a very prestigious company. I can simplify what I learned from this CCCD model of interview as setting the goal for interview, how to deliver during interview and to practice it. Learning this tools made me more confident about myself and my goal has inadvertently changed as I gain more confidence. Now my goal is to realize my dream of getting into a prestigious company and working my dream job that is related to communication. I am aware that I still have a lot to learn to realize my goal but knowing the essence and foundation is essential for my future growth. From now on, I will consciously practice what I learned from CCCD to make it an inherent skill. Practice makes it perfect and I want this skill to become my nature so I have to practice it. I also have to equip myself with knowledge and ski

Trademark Act Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Trademark Act - Essay Example An example of a trademark is the Nike tick, which allows the consumer know they are buying Nike products; whilst if one buys a similar product with a picture of a puma on then the individual knows that it is a Puma product. Therefore if another producer started to sell products that had a Nike tick on then it would be a breach of the TA and this producer would be liable for this breach. The concept of trademark law is straightforward when one is dealing with two autonomous producers; however is the case of there being a breach of trademark protections in the case of parallel importing The first question to ask is what is parallel importing Parallel importing is the situation when goods originate from the same producer or set of manufacturing licensees but are sold and produced in different countries. This may lead to a disparity in price, because in say Eastern European Countries the production and sale is a lot cheaper than that of the producer's counterpart in Western Europe. Therefore one has to consider whether the domestic producer can use trademark protections to stop middlemen from buying products from the cheaper nations and import them to sell in competition against the more expensive domestic producer1. Therefore can Trademark law as Cornish argues can be used to protect trademarks in parallel exportation issues; however with much difficulty in an open market: Any intellectual property right may be used at the frontier of the higher-priced country to close off the entry of goods bought by a parallel importer in the lower-priced country, if those rights extend to the distributor's importation and are not regarded as ""exhausted" by the initial marketing abroad, i.e. by so-called ""international exhaustion". Whether the particular intellectual property law, or some other dictate of commercial policy (such as free movement of goods within the E.U.), calls for international exhaustion is a matter which legislative bodies everywhere find extraordinarily difficult to answer, and it is more often left to courts to arrive at a solution.2 Therefore introducing the question whether allowing their to be importation by a middle man who was correctly sold a product, in a country where a product has a cheaper price that that of the destination country, is in fact a breach of trademark law. This is a very difficult point of law because one could argue that yes it is because it is devaluing the product and its reputation in the country of destination, because the market values is devalued by the importation of a cheaper version of the product.3 Yet, on the other hand, on has to consider whether in fact there is a case of a trademark breach because the sale of the product was correctly done through a legitimate manufacturer of the product. If the product was bought legitimately, i.e. the product was made by an approved plant or licensee, then how could it be a breach of trademark law The following section will consider the case law in this area. In the early case of Colgate Palmolive Ltd v Markwell Finance Ltd [1989] RPC 497 it was successfully proven that parallel imports are in fact a breach of trademark law, because it devalues the product, which breaches trademark law. The way that this case argued that parallel imp

Report---Morrisons Supermarkets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Report---Morrisons Supermarkets - Essay Example It also has a long standing management team to support such expansion. The level of service it gives to the customers is also high. The internal weakness of the company is that it is dependent on the market of UK. It is also uncertain over the long term acquisitions it has undertaken. It has a lower quality of Safeway estate. Their business model is very labour intensive. The external opportunities which the company now faces are the diversification of its business into new market. It has generated synergies through Safeway merger. Another opportunity facing the company is their expansion through online medium. It has decided to increase operations online. The Morrison faces many threats from its surrounding environments like Price wars. It is quite possible for its main competitors to engage in price wars. The UK grocery industry is undergoing a change and the company also need to adapt to the change. Hence if the company can’t take advantage of this position it will lose out in the market. Next the macroeconomic forces affect the company. Political forces which affect the company are changes in government policies like taxation polices. Any change of it will minimise the profit margins for the company in such competitive environment. The economic forces which affect them are their local suppliers of the products like meat etc. which keeps control over the quality of the food. Another advantage which the company have is that it helps to keep the prices in check. Morrison has launched a way of recognising a colleague’s job profile by giving National Qualified Certificate. This is their way of changing the lifestyle of the employees. They have also launched a campaign aimed â€Å"Let’s Grow† which provides free gardening equipment to the local schools so that a healthy social balance in the society can be maintained. The IT infrastructure of Safeway was down-graded and hence it needs to improve on it. Morrison faces legal risk with re spect to the government policies regarding pollution control. It is a limited liability company and hence has to follow the legal way of doing business according to the companies Act. The company also has to take care of the environmental aspects like using long-life reusable bags instead of the free non –degradable plastic bags. As far as the financial performance of the company is concerned the revenues has increased by over 7 percent in 2011 while the gross profit has increased by around 6% in 2011. The operating profits have increased by around 7.60% in 2011 which is more than the increase in is gross profit. Hence the company has been able to decrease the operating costs. CW2 Executive Summary In United Kingdom the supermarket chain store is on rise. In this report we will take a look at one such supermarket store named Morrison Supermarket. We will take a look at the marketing strategies of the company which it used employed in their normal course of business. Being a g rocery store it has to continuously change its marketing strategy to keep in line with the other competitors. We will also look at the different models like BCG and Ansoff and analyse the ways used to employ their marketing strategies. Lastly we will take a look at the other strategies the company can employ to further increase their business growth. Contents Executive Summary 4 Contents 5 Introduction 6 Analysis and Critical evaluation of Morrison’s Supermarkets 6 Analysis of Strategic Direction of Morrison’

Mgmt theory Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mgmt theory - Article Example Many government-sponsored enterprises came into operation for the expansion of lending in order to give rise to the people owning properties. US basically wanted to increase the percentage of home owners which is why the policy by FED of issuing subprime loans was relaxed, also as there were many competitors in the market issuing loans, the competition also gave rise to the issuance of loans without proper risk identification. It is therefore clear from the background of the years that lead to the crises, that the commonality among the Fed policy-makers and outside interest groups made FED relax the loan-based policies and in turn, the public interest was compromised along with proper accountability of the process. There were many incidents of the courts interfering with the rise in improper lending practices but FED ignored all these acquisitions and disregarded any amendments by the courts. This response of FED was of course due to its inclination towards the housing authority of US. Another reason of FED giving support to mortgages was that as there were many innovations in scrutinization, there was a huge amount of money available for mortgage lending. The fundamental statutory charge of FED indicates that it is only responsible for providing stable prices, providing maximum employment and moderate long-term interest rates. This makes it evident that the role of FED is not to direct the residential mortgage markets or to provide supervision to the lenders outside the banking system therefore; FED is not even well suited for policing the mortgage practices in the country. The main reason of the credit crunch of 2008 is the affect of the environment of the policy process on FED, if this not had been so, this financial setup could have been foreseen, and if not eliminated, it could at least have been to a lesser extent. FED is capable of prudential oversight

Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives Essay

Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives - Essay Example At that time, agents collected taxes through the Department of Treasury. In 1886, the government established the Revenue laboratory, though at that time it dealt primarily with agricultural issues. The lab has advanced greatly since then, entering its second century with a staff of chemists, document analysts, latent print specialists, and firearms and tool mark examiners. The duties of the office shifted again in 1919 when ratification of the 18th Amendment together with the Volstead Prohibition Enforcement Act outlawed alcohol. Revenue officers, termed "revenoors," were now responsible for investigating "criminal violations of the Internal Revenue law" (ATF online), which included the illegal manufacture of liquors. With the new duties came a new name, the Prohibition Unit. Less than a decade later, on April 1, 1927, the unit became the Bureau of Prohibition. By July 1, 1930, the agency's duties and name changed yet again, when Congress transferred "the penal provisions of the national prohibition Act" (ATF online) to the Department of Justice's new Bureau of Prohibition. This move for the first time put the agency under the Justice Department, and did away with the Treasury Department's Bureau of Prohibition. ... This move for the first time put the agency under the Justice Department, and did away with the Treasury Department's Bureau of Prohibition. However, "tax-related and regulatory activities" (ATF online) stayed at the Treasury Department under the new Bureau of Industrial Alcohol. Three years later, on December 5, 1933, the Twenty-first Amendment to the Constitution repealed prohibition, once again changing the focus and duties of the Bureau. To deal with the sudden boom of legal alcohol production and sales, President Franklin Roosevelt created, through the National Industrial Recovery Act, the Federal Alcohol Control Administration (FACA). "The FACA, in cooperation with the Departments of Agriculture and Treasury, endeavored to guide wineries and distilleries under a system based on brewers' voluntary codes of fair competition (ATF Online)." The bureau was once again in the business of regulating. The FACA was to be short-lived; however, as President Roosevelt replaced it less than two years later in August 1935 by signing the Federal Alcohol Administration Act. This Act is still the basis for the agency's functions today, though the ATF has taken on other duties since the Act took effect. In 1934, the prohibition enforcement duties fell to the newly established Alcohol Tax Unit, a division of the Bureau of Internal Revenue, which was still housed in the Department of Treasury. At the same time the FAA, also housed in the Department of Treasury, was responsible for collecting data, establishing license and permit requirements, and defining "the regulations that ensure an open, fair marketplace for the alcohol industry and the consumer (ATF online)." In 1940, the two units merged. Gun-wielding crime lords led

Talent Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Talent Management - Essay Example Talent cannot be gained by any other means other than through inherent acquisition. From a business point of view, talent may be seen as a creative skill to use innovative techniques in solving problems that one is often faced with the business environment. That is, when business challenges arise such as in the case of competition, talent could be used to devise a strategic advantage that makes one’s company a preferred option over other competitors (Young and Poon, 2006). For a talented person, the strategy should be innovative enough to be different from all known and existing strategies.As a person, I have an organizational talent that makes it possible for me to organize people, ideas, places, events, and even challenges to ensure that a targeted goal is achieved through this organization. In order words, I have an exceptional way from which I approach and use my organizational skill. Because it is used as a talent, when I am given the task to organize a group of people or an event with another person with organizational skill, results from my end always stand out. Talent pipeline may be referred to as a system that identifies all relevant, qualified and competent candidates to benefit a company’s course of hiring. This is commonly done by use of a database of the available human resource to the company. Companies may also have their strategies of ensuring that they attract such line of employees who can better help with the achievement of the goals of the company.

Fashion Promotion of Dior JAdore Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Fashion Promotion of Dior JAdore - Essay Example The essay "Fashion Promotion of Dior J’Adore" discovers the Promotion of Dior J’Adore. Francis Demachy enjoyed a very good repute since his past experience was with another luxury brand, Chanel, and was responsible for managing the in-house creation of the perfumes. There is a long history associated with the creation of J’Adore , where the founder of the Dior, Christian Dior always expressed his passion towards the flowers and wanted to incorporate the fragrance of the flowers in a bottle so that the scent was at the disposal of the users. This is known as one of the most feminine scents of the modern world were the glamorous fragrance of the perfume has not only made it incredibly popular in the market of the luxury goods but at the same time the popularity of the perfume had enabled the House of Dior to even introduced the several variants which have different concentrations. The scent of the J’Adore is gleaming, brilliant and luminous and thanks to the shimmery texture of the perfume, that when it is applied it leaves golden scent shimmers on the skins of the users which look very much like the sunbeams. J’Adore is regarded as one of the most incredible female brands and it depicts a feminine and delicate touch which is in line with the style which has been adopted by Dior. It is sweet but bamy at the same time, which a very sharp floral with an addition of the fresh mandarin , jasmine, plum and roses and musky scent to it at the same time. The brand identity which has been established with J’Adore.... It is sweet but bamy at the same time, which a very sharp floral with an addition of the fresh mandarin , jasmine, plum and roses and musky scent to it at the same time. Overview of the Brand Identity The brand identity which has been established with J’Adore is that there is touch of sophistication and glamour attached with it, giving the user a very lush , high quality experience. It uses a brand enforcing strategy where a class division has been added by enforcing the superiority in the product. The conventional and the traditional approach which had previously been adopted by the luxury products has been rejected by J’Adore and denounces the materialistic view, which not only gives the brand a strong brand identity but at the same time has been able to give J’Adore a competitive edge as well. It very clearly states in the advertisements and the marketing strategies that the gold , expensive cars , jewellery do not play any role in making you stand out from th e crowd, but instead it is your unique fragrance that plays a part in helping you stand out. Brand has projected its tag line stating : ‘wear J’adore and you can regain your sense of humanity.’ (When The World Whispers†¦Shout | Corporate Brand Management) â€Å"Gold is cold. Diamonds are dead. A limousine is a car. Don’t pretend. Feel what’s real† is the line which has been used in many of the advertisements of the perfume, which adheres to the view point, stated above. â€Å"(When The World Whispers†¦Shout | Corporate Brand Management) The uniqueness of the perfume can be displayed in the bottle which is in the shape of a Greek Amphora which exhibits

Raylicious Snack Social media Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Raylicious Snack Social media - Assignment Example The following research paper analyzes the case of the Raylicious Snack Company, a business that does not have an online marketing campaign besides its website. The paper argues for why a business should adopt an online presence while also improving its present website. It looks at the merit of engaging in such a campaign and how it will help achieve its business objective of doing things right and becoming a leading snack retailer in the United States. It also looks at how those strategies will enable the company to attract a different customer base. The advent and convergence of technology have reduced communication and the cost of doing business. Such technology includes the use of the internet that has reduced the barriers between businesses and their customers. Therefore, it calls for the company to devote its time in creating a possible online marketing campaign that includes having a presence on Twitter, Instagram and Facebook among other social media websites (Norton 6). It is obvious that social networks and media affect our lives in all and every possible aspect. For example, they serve in spreading ideas, product marketing and promotion and brand visibility among others. Building an online presence and marketing strategy is an imperative move by any business that wishes to stay competitive while using technology to deliver products and services to its customers. The prospect of social media and having an online marketing campaign for the family owned business will avail access to the mass market, and it will enable the business to undertake a personalized approach towards product marketing. The fact that it is flexible and does not cost much to implement should particularly appeal to such small and medium sized business such as Raylicious. Therefore, the business should not be left behind and implement the approach because of its benefits. Thus far, an online marketing campaign involves the

Motifs in Oscar Wildes The Picture of Dorian Gray Essay Example for Free

Motifs in Oscar Wildes The Picture of Dorian Gray Essay â€Å"If this girl can give soul to those who have lived without one, if she can create the sense of beauty in people whose lives have been sordid and ugly, if she can strip them of their selfishness and lend them tears for sorrows that are not their own, she is worthy of all your adoration, worthy of the adoration of the world† (59). Sibyl has inner beauty and Basil realizes that, but Lord Henry and Dorian only see the physical or symbolic beauty of her form. This is contrary to the reoccurring idea that beauty is only skin deep like Dorian for example he is beautiful on the outside but horrible on the inside. For the wonderful beauty that had so fascinated Basil Hallward, and many other besides him, seemed never to leave him. Even those who had heard the most evil thing against him, and from time to time strange rumours about his mode of life crept through London and became the chatter of the clubs, could not believe anything to his dishonour when they saw him† (93). Shows how society judges people by their looks. They project the desirable traits that they believe they should have, but in reality theyre the same as other people. Even though his reputation is being questioned when people see him all they see is his beauty. â€Å"He grew more and more enamored of his own beauty, more and more interested in the corruption of his own soul† (93). Morbid fascination with the portrait. Its so horrifying but he can not look away. â€Å"I have got through all that,† said Dorian, shaking his head, and smiling. â€Å"I am perfectly happy now. I know what conscience is, to begin with. It is not what you told me it was. It is the divinest thing in us. Don’t sneer at it, Harry, any more — at least, not before me. I want to be good. I can’t bear the idea of my soul being hideous. † (142). Dorian is still completely obsessed with his looks so in an attempt to purge himself he â€Å"spared an innocent thing† but because he did it because he did not want to look old and horrible it was still a selfish act. He was trying to convince himself that the death of Alan Campbell was not his fault. Conscience/Soul: â€Å"Conscience makes egotists of us all† (75). Dorians conscience was his portrait it showed him all the sins he committed throughout is life. It made him obsessed about his looks. The more you think of all the things you do the more you forget about the people around you. His unreal and selfish love would yield to some higher influence, would be transformed into some nobler passion, and the portrait that Basil Hallward had painted of him would be a guide to him through life, would be to him what holiness is to some, and conscience to others, and the fear of God to us all. There were opiates for remorse, drugs that could lull the moral sense to sleep. But here was a visible symbol of the degradation of sin. Here was an ever-present sign of the ruin men brought upon their souls. Portrait was like a mirror of his soul, his true self. The portrait would always be the one thing that would constantly remind him of all his sins in life, while opium could help him forget the things that were haunting his mind the portrait was a constant reminder of everything he did wrong. â€Å"Choice is taken from them, and conscience is either killed, or, if it lives at all lives but to give rebellion its fascination, and disobedience its charm† (139). The pursuit for pleasure is encoded in our DNA its a natural thing that we must cope with, but most times people cant control their impulses and give in, and instead of their conscience helping them to fight the urge it is the one that pushes you to succumb to it. â€Å"The soul is a terrible reality. It can be bought, and sold, and bartered away. It can be poisoned, or made perfect. There is a soul in each one of us. I know it† (158). Dorians soul was corrupted after the influence of Lord Henry, and he sold it to stay young forever. A soul means nothing to Dorian he does not even believe in it anymore. â€Å"He looked round, and saw the knife that had stabbed Basil Hallward. As it killed the painter, so it would kill the painters work, and all that that meant† (164). When Dorian stabbed the painting it was similar to when he stabbed Basil. In the beginning Basil said he put his soul into the painting, then after that it became Dorians soul. They were linked, he could not destroy the painting without destroying himself. Influence: He was conscious and the thought brought a gleam of pleasure into his brown agate eyes that it was through certain words of his, musical words said with musical utterance, that Dorian Grays soul had turned to this white girl and bowed in worship before her. To a large extent the lad was his own creation† (42). This is where Dorian starts his descent into a sinful life. Lord Henry influenced him into falling in love with â€Å"poetry† or art. The only reason he fell â€Å"in love† with Sibyl was because he saw her as living art, her passion for acting fueled his passion for her. â€Å"If one doesnt talk about a thing, it has never happened† (79). A saying by Lord Henry, denying that something happened helps you get over it faster so you have no sorrowful feelings, you just push it out of your mind or seek pleasure to distract yourself. â€Å"A strange sense of loss came over him. He felt that Dorian Gray would never again be to him all that he had been in the past. Life had come between them.. † (58). Lord Henrys influence ruined the pureness of Dorian. He now embraced hedonism which corrupted him and made him vain and hateful. â€Å"A man who is master of himself can end a sorrow as easily as he can invent a pleasure. I dont want to be at the mercy of my emotions. I want to use them, to enjoy them, and to dominate them† (79). Lord Henry said something similar when Sibyl died. Its goes against the ideology of Hedonism to be sad or regretful because you are supposed to be in pursuit of happiness. â€Å"The mere fact of having publish a book of second-rate sonnets makes a man quite irresistible. He lives the poetry that he cannot write. The others write the poetry that they dare not realize† (41). This shows the relationship between Lord Henry and Dorian. Lord Henry influenced someone with the idea of Hedonism, while he himself did not completely indulge himself in that lifestyle. While Dorian is pursuing every pleasure that he can find. In a way Lord Henry is living through Dorian. Hedonism: â€Å"There was an exquisite poison in the air. I had the passion for sensations Well, one evening about seven oclock, I determined to go out in search of some adventure. I felt that this grey, monstrous London of ours, with its myriads of people, it sordid sinners, and its splendid sins, as you once phrased it, must have something in store for me† (35). Dorian now feels the need to satisfy his hedonistic craving. He realizes the world is not pure or innocent anymore and that there is many ways to sin and indulge himself. Pleasure is the only thing worth having a theory about But I am afraid I cannot claim my theory as my own. It belongs to Nature, not me. Pleasure is Natures test, her sign of approval. When we are happy we are always good, but when we are good we are not always happy† (56-57). Lord Henry believes that morality does not promote happiness, and we must experience pleasure because that is a huge part of life. If everyone pursued pleasure the world would be happier and more ideal. â€Å"Believe me, no civilized man ever regrets pleasure, and no uncivilized man ever knows what pleasure is† (57). Same idea, the world is better off with pleasure, it will make the world happier, although upper class receive the most pleasure because they can afford all the luxuries of life. While lower class people can only imagine what true pleasure is because they are to busy worrying about other things they dont the time nor fund to indulge in the finer things. â€Å"Beautiful sins, like beautiful things, are the privilege of the rich† (57). Dorian lives this saying. He lavishes himself with the most luxurious items because he has the money to do so. Having fancy objects in life is purely for the aesthetic pleasure that we receive from them, and repeating the word beautiful emphasizes and glorifies the idea of pleasure. Difference of object does not alter singleness of passion. It merely intensifies it. We can have in life but one great experience at best, and the secret of life is to reproduce that experience as often as possible† (145). Pleasure and passion are universal emotions that can be felt anywhere. Repeating that emotion can help you feel younger, it will take you back to all the other times you felt that way, its another way of reminiscing.