Working Conditions in Bradford 19th Century

Worksheet: Living and working conditions in 19th century Bradford. This short piece of writing will be describing and explaining why and how the living and working conditions were so appalling in 19th century Bradford. A quote from the poet George Weerth in 1842 gives a graphic idea of what life was like in Bradford 19th century. He gives quite a detailed verse saying in one part that ‘you think you have been lodged with the devil incarnate’ (Bradford health-General, no date) this gives the impression that he would rather be residing or is the same as hell because of the immense disease and vile stench.He compares Bradford to Leeds, Birmingham and Manchester. The reason for these horrendous conditions was the adaptation of industrialisation and urbanisation. Industrialisation was when people moved to the cities, and machines produced things instead of by hand. When industry started to adapt, Bradford started to become worse, in 1800 Bradford had 1 spinning mill 50 years later it had 129 mills. This huge growth in industry and population had some catastrophic effects on Bradford.In 1769 the waterframe was invented, it was powered by water but, it was not a very good machine as with water there are floods, droughts, and foul smells from rivers. One of the main problems came when the use of steam came into force, as coal mills sprang up extremely fast, this transformed human relationships (capitalism). Many of the factories were dominated by women and children, as women were easily controlled and received less than a quarter of the wages that males received. In 1830 in John Woods spinning mill (which was the biggest spinning mill in Bradford) had 528 workers, 489 were women and 38 men.As the industry expanded, even more the openings of wool houses and dye houses came, later then came more shops and houses, they were built anywhere and everywhere. These houses were one up and one down, had no kitchen, no water and no toilet. People bought water private ly in barrels; little did they know that this water could have come from anywhere. At this point there was no sewerage and the dye from the dye houses flooded the town and rivers. It is said that people could set fire to Bradford canal and the water from Bradford could turn silver watch cases black.While the women and children dominated the industry, illness and sickness rates shot through the roof, while there was no sewerage and the population was uncontrollable the average age of death was 18 years old, over fifty percent of children never reached the age of five, and the majority never reached the age of one. In one district alone over five hundred people shared one toilet. In 1850 Bradford won prizes for being the biggest area for textiles, taking over places such as, Manchester and Leeds.At this point in time Bradford was at its worst ,in 1850 the graveyard was full of bodies, houses were too crowded and people kept pigs, chickens and human excrement outside their doors until farmers came and took it away (at the right cost). In the 1841-1851 census it was recorded that up to 20 people were living in one house. Unaware of the dangers of no sewerage, people thought there was no harm in this way of living, as everyone believed these diseases were miasmic diseases and the diseases were caught by overcrowded areas.They believed that decomposing animal and vegetable substances (Thompson, 1982, pp137-138) caused diseases such as smallpox, typhus, cholera and other horrific, frightful diseases. The Bradford Registration District said about twenty percent of all mortality was attributable to ‘Miasmic Diseases’ (Thompson, 1982, pp137-138) so a cleanup of the environment was needed to improve life expectancy. As a conclusion to this piece of writing, it is proven that although the mass growth in industry made Bradford into the biggest textile production area, it also caused colossal social tragedy in Bradford.The main reason for the adaptation in Brad ford was for immediate profit but unfortunately in caused disastrous effects on society.Bibliography Thompson, B (1982) â€Å"Public Provision and Private Neglect: Public Health† in â€Å"Wright, DG jowitt, JA (eds. ) Victorian Bradford. Bradford: City of Bradford Metropolitan Council, pp 137-138. Bradford Health- general (no date). Available at: http://wwwschoolhistory. org. ukgcse/medicine/publichealth/bradford (Accessed: 24 September 2009)

Good And Evil: “How to Kill A Mockingbird” Harper Lee Essay

Good and evil go hand in hand. The relationship between good and evil can be seen in the Bible, through the stories of Adam and Eve and Cain and Abel. The correlation between good and evil is seen throughout history, through medians such as literature and the media. Neither good nor evil can exist without the other. The coexistence of good and evil is portrayed in Harper Lee’s â€Å"To Kill A Mockingbird† when the characters of Jem, Dill and Scout come across good and evil through Maycomb society. Jem is placed in situations where he is exposed to both good and evil in Maycomb. This is shown when Jem encounters good and evil through the closing of the knothole, the jury’s unjust verdict, and Mrs. Dubose. Jem is portrayed as a more mature character in this book but there are many instances in which he shows his ignorance to the evil in Maycomb. Jem is exposed to evil when Nathan Radley plugs the knothole with cement. Jem feels that, in a way, Nathan Radley is breaking the only connection between Boo and the children. The reader can see that the cementing of the knothole really affects Jem in the following quote, â€Å"When [the children] went in the house [Scout] had seen [that] [Jem] had been crying† (Lee pg.63). The closing of the knothole is perhaps the first time Jem realizes that Maycomb is not the perfect town he has always perceived it as, because it has both good and bad. Jem starts to understand that there is a lot more going on in Maycomb than what is seen on the outside. Another example of Jem’s exposure to the good and evil in Maycomb society is seen when the jury convicts Tom Robinson. Jem’s reaction reveals his emotions, as seen in the following passage: â€Å"[Scout] peeked at Jem: his hands were white from gripping the balcony rail, and [Jem’s] shoulders jerked as if each â€Å"guilty† was a separate stab between them† (Lee pg.211). Jem’s body language shows the thoughts and the feelings he has towards the jury’s verdict. Jem put a lot of faith into the jury, thinking that they would produce a fair verdict but he was let down when they all said â€Å"guilty†, even the Cunningham who had at first opposed the rest of the jury. This is another encounter Jem has that reveals both the good and evil in Maycomb. Finally, Jem faces both good and evil in the form of Mrs. Dubose. His initial reaction to her rudeness is anger, which is described in the quote, â€Å"‘Not only a Finch waiting on tables but one in the courthouse lawing for niggers! ‘† Jem stiffened. Mrs. Dubose’s shot had gone home and she knew it†¦. Jem was scarlet† (Lee pg. 101-102). All Jem can see in Mrs. Dubose is an evil old woman. The only time he sees something more than evil is when Atticus reveals to him that Mrs. Dubose was an ex-morphine addict. This changes his view of Mrs. Dubose. Jem sees a new side of Mrs. Dubose that he had never seen before. Jem starts to see that although she was grumpy and crude, she possessed courage, and in her own way, was good. Through the knothole incident, the verdict, and Mrs. Dubose, Jem starts to see the relationship between both good and evil and he understands that nothing is ever all good or all evil. Another character that has to face the reality of the coexistence of good and evil is Dill. Dill is still young and innocent. Through encounters with both good and evil in society, Dill gains experience and grows mentally and emotionally. Dill finds good and evil in the trial, the way his parents treat him, and Mr. Dolphus Raymond. Dill compares the roles that Atticus and Mr. Gilmer play in the trial. He becomes sensitive to the good of Atticus and the bad of Mr. Gilmer, the prosecutor. When Mr. Gilmer is cross-examining Tom Robinson, Dill feels that Mr. Gilmer is treating Tom Robinson unfairly. Unlike Atticus, Mr. Gilmer shows no respect for Tom and Dill empathizes with Tom. Dill’s feeling towards the unfairness is seen in the following passage: â€Å"‘That old Mr. Gilmer doin’ [Tom] thataway, talking so hateful to [Tom]'† (Lee pg. 198). Dill feels that it is wrong for Mr. Gilmer to treat Tom like he is inferior just because he is black. In seeing the comparison of Atticus and Mr. Gilmer in the way they carry themselves in the trial, Dill is starting to see the coexistence of good and evil. Dill feels that his parents are sometimes good and sometime bad. Dill feels that in many ways his parents are evil because all they do is ignore him. We see that he feels unwanted when he says â€Å"‘The thing is what I’m tryin’ to say is – they do get on a lot better without me†¦. They buy me everything I want but it’s now-you’ve-got-it-go-play-with-it'† (Lee pg. 145). Dill explains why he ran away from home and in his description of the way his parents treat him, there is a connection between good and evil. It can be classified as good that Dill’s parents buy him everything he wants. On an emotional level Dill feels detached and unimportant to his parents because once they buy him his toy, they leave him by himself. In his relationship with his parents, Dill feels that there is both good and evil. Lastly, Dill encounters both good and evil when he meets Mr. Dolphus Raymond. Mr. Dolphus Raymond shows his â€Å"evil† side to the community in Maycomb but shows his humanity when taking care of Dill during the trial. This is seen in the quote, â€Å"†Cry about the simple hell people give other people – without even thinking† (Lee pg. 201) Through Mr. Dolphus Raymond, Dill sees that there is always more than what is seen on the surface. Though Maycomb society sees Mr. Dolphus Raymond as a drunk, and therefore â€Å"evil†, Dill and Scout witness the good in him. In a way, Mr. Dolphus Raymond has more good than most people in Maycomb because he understands the way things should be. This influences Dill because he realizes that even though Mr. Dolphus Raymond is thought of as evil, he is actually good. Through Dill’s experiences with the trial, his parents, and Mr. Dolphus Raymond, Dill is exposed to the coinciding of good and evil. In this book, the person most exposed to the good and evil in society is Scout. In the course of the story, Scout is exposed to good and evil through the mob, the fire, and Boo Radley. Scout finds out that all people have good and bad sides, When Scout sees Atticus confronted by the mob, she at first feels that they are ready to hurt him, and in her eyes, the gang must be bad. Scout tries to stop the confrontation and in doing so, wakes up the good in Mr. Cunningham, the supposed mob leader. The reader sees that Scout changed something within Mr. Cunningham in the next quote: â€Å"Then he straightened up and waved a big paw. ‘Let’s clear out,’ he called† (Lee pg. 154). Mr. Cunningham acts humanely, unlike the way he acted within the mob. It is as if the mob as a whole is bad but each individual is good. Scout brings out the individual in the mob, bringing out the good from the bad. Another example of Scout’s encounter with good and evil is during the fire. In Maycomb County, there are a lot of stereotypical and prejudiced views. Scout is exposed to Atticus’ way of thinking of all people as equals, and to Scout this is good and the prejudice in Maycomb citizens is bad. During the fire, Scout sees that although there are people in Maycomb whose views are wrong, they were still at the fire, helping, proven in the following quote: â€Å"The men of Maycomb, in all degrees of dress and undress, took furniture from Miss Maudie’s house† (Lee pg.69). Maycomb society shows solidarity during the fire, which is good, though sometimes that very solidarity used for good is turned into a prejudiced view shared by most of the citizens of Maycomb, which is bad. Through the fire scene, Scout sees that although sometimes Maycomb is evil because of its racism and chauvinism, the community shows goodness when coming together to help Miss Maudie. Finally, Scout sees good in Boo Radley even though society portrays him as evil. When Bob Ewell tries to kill Jem and Scout, Boo saves them by killing Bob Ewell. Although murdering Bob was bad, Boo was doing good because he was protecting the children. The following quote shows that Scout knows Boo was trying to protect her: â€Å"‘Mr. Tate was right’ †¦ ‘Well, it’d sort of be like shootin’ a mockingbird, wouldn’t it? ‘† (Lee pg. 276). Scout understands that sometimes there is good even in the evilest of actions. Scout finally realizes that Boo Radley is indeed human and although he has always been portrayed as a monster, there is good in him. Through the mob, the fire and Boo Radley, Scout learns that there is always good where there is evil and vice versa. The theme of the coexistence of good and evil is emphasized in Harper Lee’s To Kill A Mockingbird. Throughout the novel the reader sees the different events that characters are exposed to, thus affecting the way they perceive good and evil. One must start to realize that nothing is ever all good or all evil. The coexistence of good and evil can be seen everyday, out on the streets, in our schools, and in our homes.

Buy-Grid model Essay

Supplier Evaluation An important job of the purchasing agent is to evaluate potential suppliers and their offerings. The effects of purchasing on a firm’s competitive ability are great, so companies pay close attention to how they evaluate suppliers. Marketers must also understand the process, for them the ones being evaluated. Understand the process is like understand the rules of any games; if you don’t know how to score, you are unlikely to win. The buy-grid model is a version of a theory developed as a general model of rational organization decision making, explain how companies make decisions about, for example, where to locate a plant or make a purchase. The buy grid model has two parts: the buy-phase model and the buy class. The buy-phase model in a management class as the rational or extensive problem solving model or in consumer behavior as high-involvement model. Buy -phase model suggests that people go through a series of steps (or phrases) when making a decision, beginning with problem recognition. Then they search for alternatives, evaluate alternatives, and select a solution, which are them implemented and evaluated. For example, when an organization needs new office space, crowded conditions help force recognition of the need. The next step is to define the type of product needed: Does the organization want to build a new office building, add on to an existing building, or simply find a larger place to rent or buy? As the organization continues to examine its needs, detailed specifications such as the size and number of offices are created. If the decision in the second step was to build on, an architect would help create specifications drawing plans. Then suppliers would be contracted, included those recommended by architect. Step 5, acquisition and analysis of proposals, involves receiving and reviewing bids from each contractor. The architect and the executives would meet, evaluate the proposals, and select  a contractor (step 6). Step 7 involves the creations of a contract specifying when the building will be completed, what it will look like, and when the payment will be made. Evaluation begins as the project begins, but continues well after the organization moves in. As observers of buying behavior quickly realized, many organizational purchase decisions do not involve that much work or include each and every step every time. A second element, the buy-class, was added, resulting in the grid. Buy-class refers to the type of buying decision, based on the experience of the buyer with a purchase of a particular product or service. Organizational researchers realized that once a decision was made, products were bought automatically over and over; recognizing a problem simply mean recognizing that the company is low in an item and needs to order more. The complete process was used only for new buys, products or services never purchased before. Automatic purchasing described what happen with straight rebuys, and only two steps were required. These steps are need recognition and placing an order. At other times, however, a product or service would be bought again but not automatically. When a company was contemplating a rebuy but wanted to shop around, the process will be included most or perhaps all of the steps – hence the term modified re-buys. In this instance, the process may involve need recognition, an evaluation of suppliers, and a decision – a process that can be similar to a new buy. The difference is not in the number of steps but in the amount and type of information that must be collected before a purchase can be made. Modified rebuys can also be similar to straight re-buys or new buys, depending on the specific of the situation. In a new buy, the buyer has no experience with the product or service and must be educated about the product or service to make a purchase. In a modified re-buy, the buyer has purchased the product or service before. There, the buyer will not spend time on education about the product itself, but the various vendors and their offerings as the buyer shops around. The buy grid model, therefore describe how purchasing practices vary along a continuum depending on the buyer’s experience in buying that particular product or  service. Value analysis is one situation that can turn a straight rebuy into a modified rebuy. When a company is closely evaluating a particular part, one question that is asked is if the part is available elsewhere for less. As the answer is sought to this question, out-suppliers (those suppliers who products are not considered in a straight re rebuy) are given the opportunity to earn business. In-suppliers (those suppliers whose products are ordered automatically in a straight rebuy) must prove value or create new value by redesigning their offerings. Thus, the purchase moves from being a straight rebuy to a modified rebuy. Buy-Grid and Marketing Practice The theory suggests that more information is needed by the buyer to make a new buy than when making a modified rebuy, and almost no information is needed for a straight rebuy. To use this model, a company would look at the degree to which a market is buying a product for the first time. If most of the market is buying the product for the first time, method of communication such as personal selling may be used in order to provide the most information. Advertising would contain a lot of detailed copy that described the benefits and how the product worked. Over-time, as the market grows more familiar with the product, less educational methods of communicating may be used, such as catalogs. Another marketing implication is thatan in-supplier would like purchases of its products to be straight rebuys. Annual contracts are one method of creating straight rebuys. For example, Xerox offers its customers an annual supply contract. Each time a department is low in copier supplies, the purchasing department orders automatically from Xerox, perhaps using EDI. Out-suppliers would be locked out until the next time the contract comes up for review. Recently, research has found that marketers who get involved early in the decision process are more likely to be successful. In part, this higher  probability of success is due to greater understanding of the buyer’s needs, an opportunity to help shape those needs, and a better understanding of the process. The lower probability of success when starting later in the process is also due to the fact that buyers become committed to a course of action over the process of making the decision, and that course often leans towards alternatives presented early in the process. When buyers don’t have experience, marketing strategies can provide buyers with the information they need to make a decision. Marketers consider how buyers use that information to be very important.

James Doolittle in Aviation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

James Doolittle in Aviation - Essay Example This was not only saving on the cost of fuel for landing and taking off but also saves a lot of time. His acceleration tests indicated that pilots are people who are highly skilled, have endurance in their work and whatever situation they are in when airborne as well as being marked with courage. Aviation is not a very smooth and easy career but with enough education and the characteristics mentioned above, Doolittle showed that all was possible in aviation. He helped create the Air Force Association in 1947 which as meant to assist the military pilots with their aviation issues only they could understand. His most notable achievement according to Krebs, (1993) is the development of instrument flying which involved pilots being trained on using different instruments to navigate and even take control of the aircraft during weather conditions such as clouds, fog, and precipitation among others which were previously hard to maneuver. What his contributions did is make aviation a more lo vable and less feared career. It also made the pilots already in the field become proud of their achievements and especially when the association was formed where they got to share. The development of the instrument flying enabled the pilots to prevent blind flying which was brought about by confusion in motion senses during flying. His courage also gave the other pilots and pilots aspirants have the courage to try out their own â€Å"tricks† that would ensue in later aviation developments and discoveries.

Security Planning and Assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Security Planning and Assessment - Essay Example The management of Information Security Risks and to implement various methodologies to mitigate the security risks is a growing challenge in the filed of Information technology. The battle is on for finding out the efficient ways and design methodologies that can analyze the security risks and implement the appropriate mitigation solutions. As, every event or technique has various technologies involved that speed up the business processes there are also prone to increase risks of computer intrusion, fraud, disruption and many more. A successful organization not only relies on finding innovative solutions or products but also on the effective implementation of those solutions. Here, technology plays a major role as these technological developments can make the implementations simpler, providing a wide range of choice. But the question arises so as to which is the right choice This can only be answered by thorough research on the cost, stability and reliability of the technology to be used (WALSHAM, 1993). The Information System of the firm should be able to process this task by taking the external (technology functionality) and internal (business environment) entities into account. Thus, the understanding and integration of technological innovations plays a key role in the modeling of any Information System to support the business goals and strategies. ... The organization has to analyze all the possibilities and provide the solution that is technological stable and cost-effective, to implement, maintain and modify in future. Security Management and Responsibilities Data Owner Each Line Department of the company, with its own computing facilities will appoint a senior member of the staff as Data Owner. Those systems which are operated throughout the company should also have a designated Data Owner. Data Owners across the company will be advised by the Head of ead HeadInformation Compliance and Policy. With the existing systems, advice is available to help data owners meet their responsibility in complying with the Information Security Policy. Systems Development All systems must comply with the main IT strategy developed for the company by the IT team. Mark Walker, a senior systems analyst, states that an IT strategy is the single most crucial factor for the success of an organization dependent on IT for its operations (Walker, 2000). All system developments must include security issues in their consideration of new developments, seeking guidance from the Head of Information Technology. Management Responsibilities The management plays the most important part in building a successful IT infrastructure (Royce, 1998). Management's responsibility goes beyond the basics of support. They are the ones responsible for setting the tone for the entire security program. Generating awareness is the most important activity of the management. The management must instruct the staff of their security responsibilities. Managers should determine the authority of individuals with respect to access to specific information systems. The level of access to specific systems should be

Federal courts jurisdiction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Federal courts jurisdiction - Essay Example (United States v. Lopez, 1995) This was a landmark case in that it established the supremacy of the Federal Courts over state courts and jurisdiction within individual states. However, the end result of the case was that the charges by the federal government were dismissed and in a statement by Judge Rehnquist the reasoning was that it was time to step in and check the powers of the federal government by defining the powers between the federal government and the individual state. The prosecutions argument rested the use of the Interstate Commerce Act, this act specifically being designed to prevent unfair business practices by shifting regulatory abilities from the state governments to that of the federal government. (Interstate Commerce Act, 1887) The case was upheld by a decision of 5-4 and helped define what was allowed directly by the Interstate Commerce Act. Supreme Court Justice Rehnquist made it clear that this incident was not something that should be allowed under the Commer ce Act however, further stated that this decision was not meant to change prior decisions in regards to the Commerce Act. The decision was meant only to limit the current scope of the Federal Government in regards to incidents occurring within each individual state. The decision clarified the separation of power that exists between the individual states and that of the Federal Government.

GRADUATE LETTER FOR ADMISSION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

GRADUATE LETTER FOR ADMISSION - Essay Example My interests in pursuing graduate studies had intensified during my practice as a supervisor of Hematology department in Alhada armed forces hospital in Saudi Arabia. I have realized the urgent need and demand for skilled technologists, at my work place and other laboratories in developing regions. I believe, by gaining more knowledge in Hematology and management skills, I would be of greater help in the laboratory medicine field worldwide, Saudi Arabia in particular. Besides updated skills in the early diagnosis of many blood related diseases such as anemia, leukemia etc; better management and leadership skills are very important in developing countries like Saudi Arabia. With the transition of most laboratories to acquire accreditation of the college of American Pathologists (CAP) and other regulatory agencies, the need for professional and comprehensive managerial capabilities in the developing countries are becoming crucial. This has triggered the need for more sophisticated knowledge in the updated laboratory methods, and quality control and quality assurance concepts. At my last job, I was able to adhere to the highest professional Laboratory standards, despite the fact that I was working under different working environment, tradition, and dress code. It was very interesting, challenging and great learning experience. In addition to background skills and knowledge in the medical laboratory science, my balanced personality, and open minded nature, made me successful supervisor. Some of my accomplishments include, constructing and updating hematology department’s procedure manuals, evaluation of new analyzers, organizing and passing successfully the bi annual inspection conducted by of the college of American pathologists (CAP) etc. Through my job, I have greatly improved my analytical ability and pressure management techniques. The process

Retailing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Retailing - Essay Example Their major focus is on loyalty to customer from wide demographic market segment that caters constantly to their changing preferences. Kotler and Armstrong (2009) have described marketing as major component of business strategy that helps to meet the changing needs and requirements of the people profitably. The success of LuLu Hypermarkets shows that it understands changing consumer psychology. It continuously strives to update its products line with that of the changing public demands. By introducing latest products and excellent services at competitive prices, it has earned significant customer loyalty that prefer to shop here than elsewhere. LuLu has earned market credibility mainly because of its efforts to maintain high quality of its in-house brands and at the same time, providing its customers with wide range of branded products from across the world, thus promoting customer satisfaction. The main reason it has earned customer loyalty is by providing them with unique shopping experience. Through strategic business alliances, it has considerably increased its organizational capabilities to meet the challenges of cut throat business. Scholars have asserted that creating values for customer has become the need of the hour (Gabriel, 2005:14). LuLu’s retail strategy has also used customers’ preferences as its major objective to forge business liaisons and partnership so it can cater to the demands of its diverse customers coming from different market segments. Thus, value creation for its customers through customized services and quality has become its hallmark. LuLu hypermarkets are spread over very large areas keeping in mind all conceivable needs of customers coming from diverse background. They even have banking counters for money exchange and provide shoppers with huge facilities like convenient parking, playground for children, cafeteria. The chic and friendly ambience of ultra

Recommendations Solution for Marketing Issues Case Study

Recommendations Solution for Marketing Issues - Case Study Example However, in the recent times, it can be said the airline carrier is plagued with various issues ranging from decreasing stock prices to fall of consumer loyalty as well as rising operating costs. This particular memo is in response to the marketing tactics that can be used to consolidate the airline’s position in the global market, while dealing with the issues related to fall in customer loyalty. It also needs to be mentioned that while designing the approach, focus was given on minimizing the operating cost of the airlines. Recommendation The recommended solution for the issues faced by the airline company on the lines of depreciating customer loyalty for the airlines is multi tiered in nature. Firstly, Classic Airlines, needs to focus more on listening to its customers, since they are the key revenue generator for the airlines Secondly, the airline needs to enter into a code sharing practice with another airline so that the company can get a strong and high flow of steady c ustomers. Analysis and Support of the Recommendations It is of considerable importance to highlight that the airline company has been facing tremendous issue in regards to depreciating consumer loyalty. The issue has been further complicated since the existing customers of the airlines, who fall in the frequent flyers category has demonstrated a dip in the frequency of usage of Classic Airlines. It has been assumed that the dip in the case of existing customers may be emerging either because of the issue related to choosing alternative airline or the factor of related to challenging scenario for the overall economy. It also needs to be highlighted that the airline is also facing multiple other issues. Talking specifically about the various other issues, the first thing that needs to be highlighted is the issue of price cut taken by Classic Airlines. It needs to be mentioned that the airline in the recent past has initiated a price cut for its airline services for the passengers. Nee dless to say, that though this was a complimentary move done while trying to tackle the past airline issues as well as the price cut drive from the competitors, this further resulted in the limiting of the revenue generating abilities of the airline company. The second issue is that the airline has been facing an issue of increase in operating costs for quite some time. As a necessary counter measure, the top management of Classic Airlines has initiated the mandate to significantly attain a 15 % reduction in costs. It needs to be highlighted that the presence of these additional issues has significantly resulted in the process of limiting the options that can be utilized for providing significant recommendations to the airline’s current problems related to fall in consumer loyalty. While talking in regards to the process of providing recommendation, it can be said that the very first step will be to opt for listening to the customers. Talking in more details, it can be said t hat the Classic Airlines already has in place, a very high end customer relationship management (CRM) system, which have the potential to provide more operational functions as compared to the ones that are being currently used. As of the recent customer feedbacks received, it has been realized that the current CRM system is too much automated in nature and lacks a human powered interaction. The current CRM system has the ability to integrate phone channels with the currently existing web channels. Though adding a human interaction interface in the current CRM system might prove costly, yet it will help in listening to the

Getting to Know the Bomb Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Getting to Know the Bomb - Essay Example Henrickson states in the preface that it was "Not until the 1980s, when there arose signs of an organized and widespread antinuclear activism in America". It can only be presumed that the author slept through the 1960s when the anti nuke people woke up from the brainwashing of the 1950s. If the Russians had not also had the bomb, the country would still be asleep at the switch. She further states that, "no such revolutionary change engulfed America". She discounts the cultural revolution of the beatniks and hippies. They were reacting to a world gone mad with nuclear weaponry and rabid with military power. How many other technologies do we as a culture ignore out of fear that they are the only things between us and doomsday Is eavesdropping technology the government's new edge and the current paranoia Statesmen rule with leadership, governments with fear. Will we have to learn that Al Quieda is tapping our phone to bring attention to that new threat Like atomic weapons, it's hard to integrate them into our life like a microwave oven.

Greek culture-2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Greek culture-2 - Essay Example er moral or amoral men, is extensive, and even baffling that the authors were able to compact the many sins that mankind would be enticed to commit into single, albeit epic, poetics. There are relationships between the two works, such as the power of Perseus, in Metamorphoses, to turn his enemies to stone; and that of Poseidon coming to the rescue of the Odysseus, turning the threat of the seafaring ship that pursued them to stone. All of these representations speak to the issue of how men conduct themselves in society in ways that demonstrate their responsibility to themselves, and especially in service to others. Each work uses the fulfillment of prophecy to serve as cautionary tales to the reader, to the communities within which the works would be offered and read by; to serve as guidance in the choices that the people of those societies made for themselves. There are instances of loyalty in both works, supporting the population’s sense of loyalty to kingdom (society), and home (family). In the Odyssey, Odysseus is favored by the Gods, but he is dependent upon the loyalty of his mortal men who support him, protect him, and stand with him against the forces of evil. The slaves in his household are loyal to the master, Odysseus, and work to support and protect his household from the suitors who would steal that most precious to Odysseus, his home, wife and property. The social significance of these themes would be no different, really, in ancient societies than they are in modern societies. In order for men and women to prevent chaos, to lead quality lives, it requires loyalty and supporting one another in civic endeavors. To the extent that prophecy was an important and recurring element of ancient literature, is no different than in modern society where ancient, Biblical, and other ancient prophecies (Mayan 2012 calendar); impact the psyche of the population in compelling the population to make moral choices. The ancient myths serve to remind modern

Reconstruction Era of the United States Essay Example for Free

Reconstruction Era of the United States Essay By 1865, the Civil War ended with a victory for the Union over the secessionist southern states. But with every conclusion comes new beginnings, thus the start of a new chapter American History: The Reconstruction. 1865 through 1877 was known as the period of Reconstruction. During this time the Confederate States were reintegrated into the Union. Before the Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered his forces to the Union General, Ulysses Grant on April 9th, 1865 which actually ended the war, controversy raged throughout Congress and country concerning the terms under which the secessionist states would be allowed back into the Union. One prevalent concern was what role the federal government would play in the shaping of the political, economical, and social fabrics of the south. Desegregating roughly 4 million recently freed slaves into life in the new south was a controversial issue. The issue of slavery is actually what caused the secession of the southern states in 1860 and 1861. This dispute is what led to the start of the civil war. The war had left the south dramatically altered. The newly freed slaves struggled to survive in this new economy all while trying to coincide with an often acrimonious and resentful white population. The nation was left bitterly divided. President Abraham Lincoln believed that the South had already been drastically punished. He favored the lenient approach of Reconstruction. Lincoln issued the Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction; which in turn created the ten percent plan. Lincoln believed that the sooner the nation healed and moved forward, the better off everyone would be. The plan called for pardons to any Confederate who had not held civil office and would swear to support the Constitution and the Union. The states would be readmitted to the union once ten percent of their population took oath. Despite Lincoln did not adequately address how the newly freed slaves were to be accepted into Southern society. The Democrats and Republicans tended to favor more lenient policies for the south. A fraction of the Republican Party known as the ‘Radical Republicans’ pushed for harder programs that would punish the south and ensure that the newly freed black slaves would have total equality with the whites. These Radicals passed the Wade-Davis Bill in 1864 that said states could be readmitted to the union only after 50 percent of voters took an oath; however, President Lincoln quickly vetoed this bill. The Freedmen’s Bureau was then created; this helped distribute food, supplies, and land to the freed slaves. On April 14, 1865, President Lincoln was famously shot in Ford’s Theatre in Washington, D.C. by a Confederate sympathizer, John Wilkes Boothe. He passed the following morning. His successor, Vice President Andrew Johnson was a very outspoken opponent of the rich slaveholders in the South. As a Southern Senator, he had refused to join the Confederacy. He preferred to preserve the Union. Johnson said he planned to carry out Lincolns Reconstruction Policies, although he believed that the South should be punished for its role in the war. Johnson was welcomed by the Radical Republicans initially; they believed he would pursue harsher policies than his preceptor, Lincoln. However, once in office, Johnson adopted a more lenient policy than expected. He pardoned many Confederate leaders. He allowed commanding former Confederates to keep their land and official posts. He argued that it was the responsibility of the states to set policies dealing which rights would be denied to blacks. These were known as the ‘Black Codes’. They were enacted in the south and severely limited the rights of the freedmen. Johnson’s plan or the â€Å"Presidential Reconstruction† was counted by the Radical Republicans in Congress. The Reconstruction policies became known as the Radical Reconstruction. The Radical Republicans argued that the main goal of Reconstruction should be to secure the same rights as white citizens for the newly freed slaves. They were enacted in the south and severely limited the rights of the freedmen. The advocates of the Radical Reconstruction included mostly Rapidly Reconstruction. He proposed a more lenient program of Reconstruction. This stemmed from his desires to heal the wounds of the war as quickly as possible. He wanted to put an end to the animosity between the North and South. Under this plan, the federal government was to appoint governors to head secessionist states. He offered executive pardons to all southerners minus the high ranking Confederate officials. Johnson’s decisions guaranteed that blacks would be forced to struggle to gain equality with the Southern Whites. Being he did not enforce any government control of the southern lands, not much changed in terms of the treatment of the African Americans. As these conditions continued to fail at improvement for blacks, the moderates were more inclined to agree with the Radical Republicans. The Congress in its new session and with its Republican majority, a stricter version of Reconstitution was passed. In 1867 The First Reconstruction Act was put into place; it separated the south into five districts that were to be governed by the U.S. military. It also said the south was to recognize and permit the former slaves before they could reenter the Union. To reassure that this order was followed the second Reconstruction Act was passed; this put the military in charge of southern voter registration. During this time the Fifth Amendment was also passed permitting all American men the right to vote, including the former slaves. Congress knew Johnson would use all possible power to rule the reconstruction the way he thought it should. Therefore, trying to restrict his powers, in 1867 the Tenure of Office Act was passed; which required the president to join with the House and Senate before removing congressionally appointed cabinet members. Johnson didn’t abide to this act causing the Republicans to impeach him in 1868. This is when Ulysses S. Grant was brought into office. Grant’s personality being inexperienced and extremely passive created many problems and a bad reputation for him. In 1872 his Vice President Schuyler Colfax was forced to step back from office; due to his involvement in the Credit Mobilier scandal. In addition to his Vice Presidents flaws his personal secretary assisted in the embezzlement of millions of dollars from the U.S. Treasury. These harmful acts and others drove the Republican Party to split apart; and resulting in the formation of Liberal Republicans who wanted to end reconstruction. The Liberal Republicans nominated Horace Greeley for their partys’ presidential candidate. However, Grant still managed to beat him for the presidential position. In 1873, a series of events including bad loans, and high expectations of the economy, lead the country into a destructive depression. The depression caused a plethora of lost jobs among the American people. In efforts to help end the depression and prevent inflation congress put an end to coining silver dollars and passed the Resumption Act of 1875. This act removed all paper money from the economy. The depressions economic issues were a major factor in the election of 1874. Many people betrayed on the Republican Party and voted Democrat because of the hard times they experienced during the depression. This change gave the Democratic Party control over the House of Representatives. The radical republicans lost many members; therefore lessening their abilities to pass orders. The last legislative act they did pass was the Civil Rights Act of 1875, an effort to try and eliminate racial discrimination. The election putting Democrats in power kicked off the end of Radical Reconstruction. Court Cases such as the Slaughterhouse case which argued against the 14th Amendment; and the U.S. v. Cruikshank case which discussed issues dealing with the Ku Klux Klan; also assisted in the ending of the Radical Reconstruction. There was a quarrel with the outcome of the election in 1876 between Democrat Tilden and Republican Hayes; this resulted in the Electoral count act in 1877.This act created a balanced, equal committee to recount votes. This committee concluded that Hayes won the presidency position. The democrats were outraged with the results of the election and the resulted in the Compromise of 1877. This compromise said that the Democrats would allow Hayes to become President if Federal troops were withdrawn from the south, republican agreed. This removal of troops marked the end of the reconstruction era. The end of the Civil war created a period of time in which the U.S. had to deal with, governing issues, scandals, and economic hardships. The integration of former slaves with the whites was a task that seemed impossible to achieve. The views and wants of Political Parties’ and the Presidency position changed during this time. However the North and South were joined again at last.

Kenyan Hospitality And Travel Industries

Kenyan Hospitality And Travel Industries The Republic of Kenya is located along the Equator of the eastern side of Africa, boarding the countries of Somalia, Uganda, Ethiopia and Tanzania. The country covers an area of 582,264 km2 and house approximately 28.8 million people and growing at a rate at a rate 6f 1.6 annually. The climate take a tropical origin which tourist can experience sunshine all year round ,however the temperature may differ throughout the country for example warm humid at the cost ,cool humid at central high lands and hot dry in the north and east. Rain on the other hand is seasonal for which the heaviest occur during the months of April to June. Kenya is a country rich in culture which gives home to a number of different tribe, religions and approximately 45 different ethnic groups. Some of these larger populated ethnic and religious groups include: Kikuyu 22%, Luhya 14% and Protestant 45%, Roman Catholic 33%, Indigenous beliefs 10% and Muslim 10% respectively. (About.com) The native language of Kenya is Swahili which is also known as Kiswahili which is widely spoken among natives however English is becoming the official language of Kenya. This cosmopolitan country has a number of different amenities to bring to the tourism arena. With tourism being one of main finical drivers Kenyas economies, they engaged in the following types of tourism which are: Domestic, Culture, Business and Community and Eco Tourism. This type of tourism helps in a number of different ways. Firstly, it helps to educate the natives about their country and what it has to offer. Secondly, it gets them more involved in the tourism sector. Domestic tourism also helps in balancing off the tourism industry in low period of nation and international guest and tourist arrival. Kenyas tourism industry is closely bonded to environment, culture and the community, wildlife in relation to eco tourism in particular is one of the top tourist drivers. Safaris, national parks and forests, show the countless species of Flora and Fauna that can be found throughout the country. Tourist can also experience true tribal life through the community national parks where rich Kenyan culture is displayed together with tours and hikes through deserts, mountains rainforests, beaches etc. BUSINESS TOURISM In addition to wild life, the accommodation and conference sector play an important role in the tourism sector. Hotels range from budget, express, luxury and national parks where sleeping under the element is now possible. These establishments offer first class service together with computer, telecommunication and internet services. ANALYSIS HOSPITALITY TOURISM INDUSTRY IN KENYA Tourism in Kenya dates back to pre-independence days and as recorded in history as early as the 1930s (Tourism in Kenya). In the past, the bulk of the tourist that visited Kenya did so mainly to take part in the gaming industry in the game hunting expeditions, while the other visitors represented the typical old tourist that travelled for sun, sand and sea which is one of the tourism products offered by Kenyas tourism industry. In particular, the tourism industry in Kenya traditionally attracted first world rulers. e.g. The Queen of England, Queen Elizabeth II and the President of the United States of America, Theodore Roosevelt. INFRASTRUCTURE In the 1930s, Kenyas infrastructure was less than ideal or/and adequate to facilitate this new trend, tourism. Nevertheless, the tourism industry was steadily growing. Kenya gained independence in December 1963 (Kenya Timeline) after which the infrastructure developed a bit but still required improvements. The government with cooperation of both the public and private sector worked cohesively to fully develop the infrastructure that in turn made Kenya more attractive to tourists. Approximately 10% of the country has been reserved for the preservation of the natural attractions and wildlife in Kenya which helps to boost tourism. (Tourism in Kenya) The tourism industry has evolved with the emergence of the new tourist, which brought along new forms of tourism for the country notably sports tourism, community and culture tourism etc. Eco tourism is the prevailing form of tourism accompanied by 10% of the natural reserve dedicated by the government. Kenya Eco tourism attractions:- Game viewing expeditions (Flora) -the evolution of the new tourist brought along the new game viewing expeditions, where the tourist no longer hunt the animals but view the animals on a Safari. Kenyas popular animal attractions are commonly called the big five which includes: elephant, rhino, lion, buffalo and the leopard (Tourism in Kenya) Plant watching (Fauna) The viewing of trees and flowers in Kenya is part of the Kenyan agricultural industry, which is the main contributor to the Kenyan GDP. Kenya climatic seasons are similar to those in the Caribbean with a dry and rain season annually. The rainy season in Kenya is responsible for the boom in the fauna of the country. This is the season where the trees and flowers bloom whereas the dry season is quite different. The trees drop their leaves and the flowers dry up. A tourist that visits Kenya in the dry season would have a different experience to a tourist that visit in the rainy season in regards to the country fauna. Safari this allows the tourists to observe and understand the native people and their natural lifestyle. ECONOMICAL FACTORS Multiplier Effect Kenyas tourism industry is heavily dependent on other industries to be a successful industry. The tourism industry is mainly dependent on the agriculture industry. This sector is predominantly responsible for providing the food and beverages that are served to the tourists. NEGATIVE FACTORS AFFECTING THE TOURISM INDUSTRY Lacks of awareness of the people The people of Kenya are included in the decision making process or informed about tourism development initiatives. As a result of this, nationals act negatively towards the tourist. Socio-culturally With the improvement in the tourism industry and the influx of tourist into country, the ways and attitudes of the new world, have negatively affected the culture Kenya by the increase of prostitution, lack of traditional rituals and performances. Terrorism Threat The bombing of the US Embassy in 1998 and attempted bombing in Mombasa 2002, prompted countries to issue negative travel advisories which greatly affected the tourist arrivals to Kenya as depicted in the statistical data. Kenya is a country with a diverse range of tourism products that cater to many types of tourism as mentioned previously. The country is heavily focused on maintaining its natural aspect as well as developing in a sustainable manner keeping with its eco tourism trend as it foremost tourism product. Overall the tourism industry is slowly increasing despite the negative factors that are occasionally experienced; they were able to press forward. IDENTIFICATION DISCUSSION OF TERRORISM IN KENYA WHAT IS TERRORISM? According to the U.S. Department of State terrorism is premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against non-combatant targets by sub-national groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to influence an audience. Likewise, international terrorism is defined as terrorism involving citizens or the territory of more than one country. ( ) TERRORISTS ATTACKS IN KENYA US EMBASSY ATTACK Around 10.30am on August 7th, 1998, Kenyas US Embassy in Nairobi, was bombed by terrorists where an estimated 12 Americans and 227 Kenyans were killed. Approximately 5000 people in the vicinity at the time of the blast were injured. The destruction spanned a two to three block radius and the Al Qaeda terrorist group were the suspects behind the incident. MOMBASSA ATTACK The Al Qaeda terrorist group again launched another attack in Kenya this time at an Israeli owned hotel. About 8.30am on November 28, 2002, 2 Israelis and 12 Kenyans were killed and over 80 people were injured in the bombing of the Paradise hotel in Mombasa. This attack was only the first part as a missile attack on an Israeli aircraft was concurrently taking place however, this mission failed. WHY DO TERRORISTS TARGET KENYA? Geographic location, poverty and unstable neighbours are some key elements that have contributed to past terrorist attacks faced by Kenya. Kenyas unique geographic location acts as a passageway from the Middle East and South Asia to East Africa and beyond. Therefore, Kenya had to cater for the many activities that would now exist because of this pathway so an extensive seaport was constructed as well as two international airports, one in Mombasa and one in Nairobi along with rail, road and communication infrastructure. With these additions, travel and entry into and around Kenya is quite easy and usually obscure due to its penetrable borders coupled with its surrounding neighbours and unmonitored coastline. In particular, the Arabs in Kenya that occupy the coastal areas are closely linked to the Arabs in the Middle East as they both share a common religion and language. This has made it quite convenient for terrorist to blend into the community. For these reasons, Kenya is a preferred choice for terrorist to strike. Due to poverty and the high rate of unemployment that exists in Kenya, the youths are targeted by terrorists for recruitment to carry out their activities. The terrorists are able to lure these young people by giving them money to join their cause. In this way, they gain new recruits who would provide them with the relevant local information needed to proceed with their activities. Again, Kenya is seen as an ideal destination for terrorists to attack. In Somalia, Kenyas neighbouring country, political instability is quite prevalent. For the past 14 years, Somalia has not been run been run by a government and this has given way to terrorists to move across the border. This has therefore hampered Kenyas security. Immigrants from Somalia reside in Kenya making it easier for terrorists to blend in and thereby bring terrorism into Kenya. Another challenge for Kenya is its ties to the US which make them susceptible to terrorists attacks. Kenya, among other countries, has been selected by the United States Agency for International Development to be provided with the necessary resources to fight HIV/AIDS. ( ) Also, the US Center for Disease Control and Prevention located in Kenya is the TERRORISMS IMPACT ON THE HOSPITALITY TOURISM INDUSTRY IN KENYA Tourism, one of the foundation blocks of Kenyas economy, constitutes 25% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and has been adversely affected by the repercussions of terrorism. Firstly, the influx of tourist to Kenya can be estimated to over 500,000 visitors each year. Europe and the United States of America (USA) represent Kenyas traveller generating region with 70% of the market being Europeans (Switzerland, Italy, Belgium France and Britain account for the bulk of tourists). In addition, visitors come from Japan, Asia, Scandinavia, and other African countries. USA, Germany, Great Britain and some other countries, upon receiving the news about the terrorist attacks on Kenyas US Embassy in Nairobi, immediately issued travel advisories to their citizens and imposed travel bans to refrain travel to Kenya as it was deemed unsafe. Moreover, the extensive media coverage of the attacks particularly focused on Kenyas vulnerability to terrorism severely tarnished its image. These responses lead to a decline in travel to Kenya and some neighboring countries as travelers feared the spillover of the terrorist attacks. For example, tourism businesses were terribly affected by the travel warnings. Tourism brought in US $500 million in annual revenue and was losing at least $1 million everyday due to the decline in tourism. ( ) Consequently, Kenyas tourism industry was paralyzed. Kenya suffered a decrease in tourist arrivals. This had a ripple effect on all sectors of the industry. The cancellation of leisure trips and business conferences were rapidly on the rise. Kenyas reputation plummeted and this lead to the loss of its competitive value. Kenya was no longer an option to be considered for vacation or investment. Tourism catered to the employment of 500, 000 Kenyans ranging from tour operators, tour guides, travel agencies, safari driver, dancers, hoteliers, restaurateurs, small business operators to airport and airline personnel. Subsequently, there was a significant increase in unemployment as many Kenyans lost their jobs. Employees that were still employed received salary cuts. For instance, at the Carnivore restaurant; all of the 330 staff had their salaries reduced, including Dunford the chairman (National Geographic 2010). The bombing of the US Embassy had a massive impact on Kenyas infrastructure. The Embassy was stationed at the crossroads of two streets in Nairobi, adjacent to the Ufundi Building and the Co op Bank Building. The explosion destroyed these three buildings and other buildings and amenities within a two to three block radius.( ) The rubble consisted of broken glass from windows, window frames, furniture and fixtures, concrete block walls, cars, buses, electric poles, street lights and the list goes on. The transportation sector within Kenya suffered major setbacks as the streets were seriously damaged and likewise vehicles. Additional problems surfaced as resources (medical) were delayed as it was difficult to get in and around Nairobi. Access was restricted to rescue and emergency personnel. Nairobi, the capital of Kenya, was known for its many tourist attractions but these business operations declined as a result of the bombing. With the loss of power and telecommunication, tour oper ators, travel agencies and hotels were unable to update their websites or communicate with potential visitors who would usually book their reservations, tours or tickets online. Another hindrance to Kenyas tourism industry in light of the terrorist attacks is the slump in foreign direct investment (FDI). Investors were inclined to nullify their FDI in Kenya due to some of the shocks felt by the terrorist attack such as the direct destruction of infrastructure, the rise of operating costs due to an increasing need of security measures, and the rise of recruiting costs due to missing incentives to work in terrorism prone regions. ( ). This further contributed to the loss of revenue specifically for tourism development initiatives. An important issue on the agenda of Kenyas government to combat terrorism is now the introduction of more security. The notion about safety is not confined to the citizens of Kenya alone but is extended to the tourist as well. For this purpose, government spending had to be diverted from productive investment designed to promote growth, eradicate poverty and sustain tourism development. ( ) Expenditure on high tech security equipment such as surveillance cameras, metal detectors and screening machines had to be implemented as strategies to counteract terrorism. Kenyas financial costs continued to escalate in aftermath of the terrorist attack as more funding was required for the cleanup, restoration and reconstruction of the infrastructure, buildings and other amenities destroyed in the blast including tourists facilities. As an illustration, Similarly, another expense incurred is that of extensive advertising to attract more and new tourists to Kenya. This strategy was employed to portray Kenya as a once again safe place and to neutralize the negative media attention received after the bombing. Apart from the above mentioned negative effects of terrorism on Kenyas tourism industry, some positive effects were identified. With the decrease in tourist arrivals to Kenya, domestic tourism was being promoted. Locals provided a portion of revenue needed to sustain some tourism businesses. Likewise, a new must see tourist attraction was developed. The August 7th Memorial Park was constructed on the site where the US Embassy was once situated. This memorial was built to commemorate the lives that were lost and represents a tribute to the courage of the several thousand others who have had to cope with permanent injury and/or the loss of loved ones. It is a place where people come to reflect, remember and relax. ( ) This attraction is quite similar to the September 11 attraction Ground Zero which has been included in many tour packages offered by tour companies in New York City. With regard to the Kenyas transit route region, terrorism is no exception. The negative effects of US embassy bombing trickled down to the airline industry. Flight cancellations increased as airline travel declined. There were numerous staff cuts and a major loss of revenue for the industry. For instance, the suspension of British Airways regular and charter planes flying to Nairobi, coupled with travel advisories, closed down access to 90% of Kenyas overseas markets (The Effect of Terrorism 2004). Car rental companies were also affected. KENYAS RESPONSE TO TERRORISM There is a need for the development of an anti-terrorism legislation in Kenya: following the 1998 bombing of the US Embassy in Kenya the government recognized that there were no adequate measures in place to deal with such acts and therefore the need to develop and implement legislation to deal with terrorism was essential. According to Kenyas Counter Terrorism committee, the Government on two occasions made attempts to implement such laws with the Suppression of Terrorism Bill in 2003 and the Anti-Terrorism Bill in 2006 respectively. However, both bills failed to be introduced to parliament. (Google 2010) Another point to be considered is the need for revamped management policies to be set in place for Kenyas border line and costal security control. Google 2010 also stated that the need for heightened security is vital in these areas, for example: the border between Kenya and Somalia poses a great threat to Kenyan nationals and tourist due to fact that Somalia has been without a government of over fourteen years and is known to be politically unstable. This can be done by putting measures in place such as; heightened security checks for persons entering Kenya through Somalia, denial of entry for suspicious entrants and denial to unnecessary travellers especially during the peak tourist seasons. Proper execution of security in these areas may allow tourists to feel safer and therefore increase overall visits to Kenya. The tourism board of Kenya could try to mitigate some of the negative impacts of the past terrorism attacks on the country by creating a new image for the destination. In order to effectively do this, Kenyas perspective about tourism has to be more holistic. For instance with respect to community tourism, the Maasai Mara tribe not only protects the environment but they engage in certain practices to reduce harm to the environment. Though terrorism would ultimately have a devastating impact on any country being affected, repositioning Kenya in the minds of tourists by focusing on the positives of the destination rather than the negative aspects of terrorism can aid in the process of moving forward. In addition, the tourism board can also shift some of their attention to local tourist by creating special packages in such a way that would be attractive to the local population. Another option to combat this issue of terrorism in Kenya should be the development of crisis management portfolio. This would first of all distinguish terrorism from other forms of crisis. It should then outline in detail the measures that should be implemented before and after such a crisis. Next the portfolio should assist in painting a clear and clutter free process that should be followed after an act of terrorism to facilitate a timely recovery for Kenyas image. Since terrorism severely tarnished the image of Kenya, it is very crucial that only specific and highly qualified individuals should address the public and media issues. Hence the reason, the portfolio should also outline all individuals that should be involved in this process with clearly defined roles and objectives. CASE STUDY SEPTEMBER 11 AND KENYA BOMBINGS Both the September 11 attacks on the United States and the US Embassy and Mombasa bombings in 1998 and 2002 respectively were carried out by the Al Qaeda terrorist organization. NEGATIVE EFFECTS Both the US and Kenya bombings resulted in a decline in outbound and inbound travel. The airline industry in both countries experienced significant revenue losses following the decline in travel. Businesses that were dependent on tourism as their main source of revenue suffered and were unable to continue operations. Staff cuts were also experienced again due to the decrease in travel because of the acts of terrorism faced by both countries. POSITIVE EFFECTS Both countries introduced new high tech security equipment and measures to combat the threat of terrorism. Both countries were able to develop a new tourist attraction, Ground Zero and August 7th Memorial

Health and Safety in Health and Social Care

Health and Safety in Health and Social Care Introduction The employees as well as the other sections of an organization have to face various types of safety and health issues. The more risk of safety and health issues will decrease the confidence and the efficiency of the workers and it will decline the reputation of a certain organization. It is practicable to apply suitable safety and health policy for the organization. It should be done after considering all the relevant facts. Those factors can be understood by performing a through observation and study. The safe and secure environment should be maintained fro the employees and it is the duty of the management to take necessary steps to implement it LO-01: Implementation of health and safety legislation the social and health care center 1.1: The establishment of health and safety needs in a work place: The health and safety policy of a work place plays a major role in the organization. Poor health and safety policy of an organization will be a negative effect on the individuals, organizations and finally the society. A great attention should be paid to this subject in a social care work place where the risks of safety and health issues are very common. The effects of the issues related to health and safety can be smaller or critical. They can affect in many ways and the effects can be sufferings, injury or the death, psychological issues, financial issues, reduced productivity and low confidence. This situation leads to the destruction of the social image of the organization. Sometimes the safety related issue can be harming the development and the maintenance the business of that organization. This can be very serious when it is related to a social welfare institute. In certain cases the management has to suffer from severe financial losses. The employees must have the ability to work in a very protective and friendly environment. The relaxation can make great changes in the functioning of the organization. The organization wants to keep the employees in a good condition with performing their duties in a very relaxed manner. The well being of the employee is very essential for the employer to get the maximum benefit (Garcarz, W., 2005). The health and safety measures should be according to the expectations of the organization and they should not harm the progress of the organization. The application of suitable policy and marinating it can be a very important part of the organization and it will improve the commercial aspect of the organization 1.2 Impact of the health and safety needs on the employees and the practitioners: The management should be aware of the situation of the employees. The employees who do not perform in accordance to set guideline will face lot of problems. The employees should be trained in various types of activities related to the organization, the communication or getting correct idea about certain issues. All the problems of the formation can be reported and the other can get a clear idea about the issues and it helps the employer to get the maximum service of the employees as well as to minimize the health and safety related issues in the types of the situations and implementations. The following can be used to keep the communication regarding the health and safety issues in the organization (Fisher, A.,2005). These can be employed to inform the employees as well as it will be very useful in getting feedback of the employees as well as the customers and the practitioners of the institute. Health and Safety website of the organization Employees and modes of communication. Online employee health and safety introduction projects Employees information publications Safety manuals and Safe Work Procedures Instruction manuals and other literature. These sources can be employed according to the requirement as well as the affordability of the organization. The future improvements of the policy and other remedies can be possible if those problems are properly recorded. The management or the other responsible parties can make necessary alterations to the policy. The issues of the organization should be carefully assessed by the, these reports can be possible with the following methods. Workplace accident inspection reports Accident and incident report Health and injury and other issues management report Report of the injured workers compensation Audits of the health and safety aspect 1.3 Monitoring and review of health and safety strategies: The management is the decision making body of the organization so they are responsible fro each and every decision of the organization. The management or the employer has to perform a great task in maintaining a satisfactory standard in the health and safety condition of the entire organization (Fisher, A., 2005). The health and safety should be applied to each and every individual who is associated with the organization. He has to manage each and every aspect of the organization so that he can pay more attention to the health and well fare of the people of the organization. The management has to plan a risk free environment for the employees from various components of the place of work. Providing information, instruction, training and supervision regarding safety and health of employees The management or the employer makes the employee aware of the safety and health of the place of work. The management can offer the employees with welfare and other facilities. Preventing risks to other people at the place of work including, for example, visitors, customers, suppliers and sales representatives The employer should prevent others from falling into trouble The employer or the manger must have some remedial plans or solutions for the emergency. LO-02 Impact of health and safety requirements on customers and the work of practitioners 2.1 The effect of the risk assessment on the planning of organizational and individual decisions It is a fact that the workers who are employed in the health care sector of any country have to perform a variety of duties. Sometimes they have to perform risky and hard duties. There is the risk of contamination as well as exposing themselves to the danger. So it is a must to understand the situations that they have to face. As many of the workers are performing multitasks in the hospital, they are more vulnerable to hardships (Moonie. N.,2000). There will be danger in various activities that they perform, such as handling the patients, cleaning the place transporting and handling the medical instruments. The risks that the employee has to face can be divided into 5 types Biological risks- This is one of the most common situation. The getting exposed to several diseases and getting negative effects or getting the diseases This is one of the prominent issues a management has to answer in the process of making new changes to the system. Chemical risks. Chemicals which are used to treat cancers and other critical issues can be understood as one of the health and safety issue Physical risks– Ionization and radiation are good examples. The employees who are used to assign to handle those machines and chemicals are to be paid. such as Ergonomic risks,- the danger of getting injuries and harmed. This can be resulted in mostly handling patients. For example, patient handling Psychosocial risks– this is another r types of health and safety issue in handling violence and shift work 2.2 Analyzing the priorities of health and safety strategies: The reporting of the health and safety issues in the organization is a very important part. The relevant incident should be reported to the management in the perfect manner and the feedback can be successfully applied by the management and other policy makers to make more practicable policy in health and safety needs ain an organization. The management can get several advantages of these reports to the welfare of the organization; he can use the collected knowledge and experience in order to do several activities fro the well fare of the company Employees as well as the community (HSSCU, 2010). As the employer wanted to make the health and safety legislations more effective it should be implemented with proper planning after the identification of various connected facts. The proposed plans and ideas should be able to match the structure of the organization. It can be done in the following manner Care planning There are several types and modes of implementing policies for the organization. Most of the organizations try to create the policy while offering the maximum benefit to the employees. The wellbeing and the satisfaction of the employees are taken into the consideration. Dilemmas and challenges It is not an easy task to introduce an effective safety policy into an organization. There will be lots of dilemmas and also challenges to the management. So the policy should be considered very carefully after taking all the parties into the consideration, Own practice- The implementation of the policies can be vary from organization to organization. So the process of implementation legislation should be done according to the culture and environment of the area. Monitoring and revising. The procedures and updates should be monitored and the observations can be applied to the development of the policy. An organization can get good examples from the previous threats and drawbacks Creating a healthy and safety working environment- a safe and healthy environment can be made for various levels or categories of the employees. The management can use training programs and workshops in order to get more feedback. 2.3 Application of the safety and health policy into the place of work The management should pay a great attention to ensure the employees’ awareness of the health and safety issues. The employees should be aware of the possible dangers that they have to face as well as the customers and practitioners have to face. The process should be started with a basic level of cleanliness. They should be properly educated with proper handling of chemicals and the same keeping the environment in the perfect manner (Garcarz, W.,2005). They should be trained to dispose the garbage in the perfect manner. In that way the management will get the ability to reduce most of the health hazards in the place of work. LO-03 Monitoring and reviewing of health and safety policy: 3.1 Situation of the safety and health strategies in the place of work: There should be facilities to monitor the protective and preventive measures. This step will be useful to assess the practicability of the policy which is introduced to the organization. This should be done continuously as it can offer the best idea after certain period. The assessment should be checked over and over in order to find the most suitable version or the policy. The implementation of health and safety policy in a place of work can be very useful to all the relevant parties. The employees can get the benefit of having the freedom to work as they wish and they can perform according to the requirements of the organization without getting into trouble or putting others into trouble. The second party is the management (CIS, 2010). They can maintain the functions of the organization in a very smooth and they will be to gain more profits. 3.2 Effectiveness of the safety and health strategies: The customers and the practitioners are too getting many advantages the place of work will be a very interesting place for the employees as well as the employers. The management puts his attention on the employees, practitioners as well as the visitors to the organization. When concerning the safety and the well being of the employee, the employer should pay his attention on following. The employer must keep his duty of making a satisfactory working area for the employee. There are several duties of the employer. As there are more positive changes many customers will visit the place and the future of the organization will be very successful. 3.3 The individual contribution to the implementation: The practitioners will be able to offer their respective service in the best manner; it will be a great advantage for the business. The management should try to apply various types of strategies in order to select the most suitable one. It may take time but the final result will be very important to the organization. The each and every member of the organization should pay his or her contribution in the process of understanding and the implementation of the health and safety policy. They should take part in those training and awareness programs and should be getting themselves well educated. It is a very easy and successful task if the employees and other relevant parties are ready to move forward. 4.0 Conclusion: The health and safety plays a prominent role in an organization. It is the duty of the management to implement a suitable policy and it should offer the positive changes to the organization. In a social care organization, more attention must be paid for the health and safety factor as the employees are more vulnerable to various types of diseases as well as accidents. The policy should be changed according to the requirements of the individuals as well as the requirement of the time. This can be done by careful evaluation of the process ( Moonie. N., 2000).. The measurements of the safety and health can be utilized by the management in order to find the negative as well as positive features of the existing policy. It can be updated or changed after careful assessment. 5.0 References: AHS. (2010).Strategic Plan for Workplace Health and Safety.Available: www.albertahealthservices.cahttp. Last accessed 10/5/2014 CIS. (2010).Assessment. Com. Health and Safety in an Adult Social Care Set.Available: Fisher, A. (2005).Health and Social Care. London: Oxpord-Henemann. Garcarz, W (2005).Statutory and Mandatory Training in Health and Social Care: A Toolkit for Good Practice. -: Radcliff publishing-oxon. -. https://:www.cis-assessment.co.uk. Last accessed 10/5/2014. HSSCU,. (2007).Health Services – Information about workplace health and .Available: http//www.hse.gov.uk. Last accessed 9/05/2014. HSSCU,. (2007).Health Services – Information about workplace health and .Available: http//www.hse.gov.uk. Last accessed 10/05/2014. Moonie. N (2000).Advanced Health and Social Care. London : Oxford: Heinemann. Contribute to the developmence of healthynt and maintena. Available: http//www.ocr.org.uk. Last accessed 9/5/2014. http//www.osha.europa.eu. Last accessed 11/5/2014.

Form and Structure of the play Blood Wedding :: English Literature

Form and Structure of the play 'Blood Wedding. Form and Structure The play 'Blood Wedding' has Three Acts and Seven scenes all together. In the first act we are introduced to all of the characters, where we see their first impressions of them. In act two we see the characters developing, learning new things. In the end we have an ending, which isn't expected and could shock the audience. Lorca was a Spanish writer so therefore his play is set in the Spanish culture. The play begins by introducing the mother and the bridegroom who are arguing about knives. As the audience we begin to notice that the mother has a problem with knives. The pace of the two characters was relaxed at first but soon the tension begins to rise between the two characters as soon as the word knife was mentioned. When the bride arrives, the atmosphere of the play changes, the happy atmosphere is interrupted. The mother begins to get cautious, as she is not keen on the bride at first because she knows absolutely nothing about her. When the mother meets the bride and her father, the two parents start to compare there son and daughter too one another, I think this shows that there is a competition atmosphere between the two characters, this is when the tension begins to rise again, the mood becomes jealous because I think Lorca wants to set the father that he wants his daughter to be the best and this is the same with the mother. "My son has the very best of prospects." "My daughter is the finest of girls." As the visit continues, I notice that the bride is a bit awkward with the mother, she sounds as though she is hiding something. I think this causes a great amount of tension, the atmosphere starts to become dark and secret. We also notice that the bride is acting around the mother, giving her sharp answers, she sounds as though she doesn't want to get married, unsure of her decision. I think the bride is a very important character of the play as the pace, tension, atmosphere and the mood changes. The tension and the pace continues rising, the atmosphere is starting to get deceitful as she doesn't want to marry the bridegroom and the mood becomes secretive. On the day of the wedding, we see that the atmosphere is confused, flustered and closed because I feel that the bride knows she doesn't have much time to decide if she will go through with the wedding. As the maid continues to do the brides hair, we notice that the maid is

Victor as the Monster in Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein :: essays research papers

Monsters can come in various physical forms, but all monsters share the same evil mentality. A Monster is a being that harms and puts fear within people. Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein is a prime example of how appearance does not determine whether a creature is a monster or not. In the story, Victor Frankenstein tries to change nature by creating a super human being. The being appears to be a monster. Victor becomes so obsessed with his creation and then rejects it. Victor is the real monster because of his desire for power, lack of respect for nature, and his stubbornness. Because of Victor’s need for fame and desire for power leads to Victor becoming a monster. Victor begins his quest to bring life to a dead person because he does not want anyone to feel the pain of a loved ones death. At first he is not obsessed with his project. As he moves along in the project he thinks about what will happen to him. "Life and death appeared to me ideal bounds, which I should first break through, and pour a torrent of light into our dark world. A new species would bless me as its creator and source, many happy and excellent natures would owe their being to me." (Shelley 39) He realizes that he will become famous if he accomplishes the task of bringing a person back to life. The realization that he will become famous turns him into an obsessive monster. He wanted to be admired, and praised as a species creator. He isolates himself from his family and works on the creature. â€Å"I had worked hard for nearly two years, for the sole purpose of infusing life into an inanimate body. For this I deprived myself of rest and health. I had desired it with an ardour that far exceeded moderation, but now that I had finished, the beauty of the dream vanished, and breathless horror and disgust filled my heart.† (Shelley 156) By spending most of his time inside on his experiment, he has no time to write or contact his family. He puts fear within his family because they fear for him. Victor has a lack of respect for the natural world that leads him on the path to becoming a monster. In creating the monster Victor is trying to change the natural world. He is trying to play the role of god by creating life.

The Pancreas :: essays research papers fc

The pancreas is located in the middle of the abdomen. It’s surrounded by the stomach, small intestine, liver and spleen. It’s about six inches long and shaped like a thin pear, wide at one end. It has three sections: wider right end is the head, the middle is the body and the left end is the tail.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The pancreas has two functions; to make enzymes that help digest fats and proteins and the other, to produce insulin that controls the blood sugar level called glucose. It consists of Islet cells (1 of 3 types), which are endocrine glands. This means the Islet cells secret the insulin directly into the blood stream. The pancreas contains many more of these Islet cells than the body needs to maintain a normal insulin level. Even when half of the pancreas is removed, the blood sugar level can still remain normal. The pancreas is also made up of exocrine glands, which produce enzymes for digestion.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When the blood sugar levels aren’t normal, it’s a disease called diabetes. Diabetes (diabetes mellitus) is a deficiency of the hormone insulin or the inhibition of its action with the cells. The insulin acts like a bridge between the glucose and the cells. In the US there are about 16 million people who suffer from diabetes. It is the seventh most common cause of all deaths. Diabetes is most common in Native American females over 45 years of age.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are two main types of diabetes. The firsts is insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). In IDDM the body either doesn’t produce diabetes or produces very small amounts. The symptoms usually occur in teenagers under 20, usually around puberty. Untreated IDDM affects the metabolism of fat. Since the body can’t convert glucose into energy, it is broken down into fat and stored for energy. This also increases the amounts of ketone bodies in the blood, which interfere with respiration. The second type is called is non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). This is when the body doesn’t make enough insulin or is unable to use it. NIDDM is the most common of all diabetes; it makes up 90 to 95 percent of all cases. Scientists believe that in some people weight gain or obesity is what triggers their diabetes because 80 percent of people with diabetes are over weight.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another problem people have with the pancreas is pancreatic cancer. Each year about 29,000 Americans and 3,000 Canadians are diagnosed with it.

Flannery O’Connor’s “A Good Man is Hard To Find” Essay

Throughout Flannery O’Connor’s â€Å"A Good Man is Hard To Find†, hints are given to the readers that foretell what is in store, foreshadowing the grotesque ending that is to come. These insinuations of the forthcoming become coincidences later in the story when they actually do develop into reality, creating mocking irony. The names within the story can be considered foreshadowing themselves. For example, the name of the town where the family is murdered is called â€Å"Toombsboro.† The word â€Å"Toombsboro† can be separated into two words: Tombs and Bury. These are words that signify death. The fact that the author chose this as a name for the town, implies the foul event that will insure later in the story. The first moment that foreshadowed the future was the article about the Misfit that the grandmother showed Bailey. She told him, â€Å"A Misfit is aloose from the Federal Pen and headed toward Florida†¦I wouldn’t take my children in any direction with a criminal like that aloose in it.†(368) This moment sets up a major coincidence when the family later runs into the Misfit. Plus, it was an irony because the Grandmother had attempted to persuade the family not to go in the direction the Misfit was heading. Yet, unfortunately only June Star paid any attention to the comment, and the family did run into the criminal. Additionally, a less obvious evidence of foreshadowing occurred when June Star announced, â€Å"She [The Grandmother] wouldn’t stay at home for a million bucks. She has to go everywhere we go†(368) This can be read as a direct foreshadowing of the order and occurrence of the grandmother’s death. When the family comes across the Misfit, and each family member is taken into the forest, the reader wonders why every time Bobby Lee and Hiram return without the family member. Eventually, one realizes they have all been killed. So, June Star’s comment that the grandmother goes everywhere the family goes can be read as a signal that she will meet the same end that they did. Plus, the fact that she follows the family indicated that she would die last.Furthermore, although the grandmother did not want to go to Florida, she still unpredictably dresses up. The grandmother wore, â€Å"A navy blue straw sailor hat with a bunch of white violets on the brim and a savvy blue dress with a small white dot in the print. Her collars and cuffs were white organdy trimmed with lace and at her neckline she had pinned a purple spray of cloth violets containing a sachet.† (369) O’Connor says that the reason for the grandmother’s proper dress was, â€Å"in case of an accident, anyone seeing her  dead on the highway would know at once that she was a lady.†(369) She therefore foresaw her own death, or at least foreshadowed it. It also shows how she represents the properness and rich religious beliefs of the south. Yet another foreshadowing is portrayed when the family â€Å"passed by a cotton field with five or six graves fenced in the middle of it, like a small island† (370). It is not an accident that there are five or six graves, which evidently matches the exact number of people in the car. Five people and the sixth is the baby. The baby is not precisely a full complete person, hence the ambiguity of the number of graves. Flannery O’Connor uses foreshadowing to give the readers slight hints of what is to come, foretelling the grotesque fate of the family. Insinuations are made through titles, comments, clothes, and sites, setting the scene for surprising irony later in the family’s journey.

A critical review of literature on the importance of social media in branding

1.0 IntroductionThe aim of this chapter is to abide a broad overview of both literary works in aff up to(p) media and the intended query. It offers a plan that would change the reader extrapolate the motivating for this question and excessively give ups a load about recent developments both in the application and in seek circles with honour to friendly media sending. The rapid development of technology and the decease of such technologies at afford equal to(p) costs deem revolutionized the air business organisationes operate. The initiation Wide Web and the Internet atomic number 18 being exercisingd by millions of lot today. These technologies have led to a range of a function slip of opus in the way parley happens and most business reputation and front end in a market is to a greater extent driven by amic adapted media. (Tuten, 2008) It apprize alike be noned that the shift and think on hearty media has been drastic and many a(prenominal) busi nesses were caught off-guard. However, the subprogram of favor adapted media has created opportunities for online marketers to be able to eng come on with customers that they wouldnt other than be able to employ traditional manners. This reach though has posed many challenges to businesses that started looking at tender media manage other traditional media like cartridge or television thus do to a greater extent(prenominal)(prenominal) gaps rather than bringing them contiguous to the customers (Qualman, 2012). On the contrary it sewer be said that more and more retailers and business be becoming increasingly awake(predicate) of the favorable media and atomic number 18 waiting to campaign the potential that accessible market offers (Olivas-lujan, 2013)1.1 reasonSpend on affable media by the businesses be on the rise. Recent theater of operations by the IAB (Internet advert Bureau) shows that in the maiden half of 2014 in the UK alone, in that location has been a rise of 53% in the pass on on mixer media by businesses with a total contribution of ?242.5 million (Somerville, 2014). other teaching by IAB on FMGC orbit consisting of more than 4500 survey responses and 800 interviews showed that 90% of the customers would economic consumption brotherly media to refer the brands to peers, 4 in 5 customers would buy products that have great hearty media coverage and 83% would be ordaining to try products that are best-selling(predicate) in social media (Anon, 2013). as well, a look into conducted by Mass Relevance that provides social media curation platform to clients found that 59% of the consumers will more likely trust a brand that has bearing in the social media and 64% of the consumers interviewed have already do purchases based on social media presence and polishs (Chaney, 2012). Appendix 1 shows the social media advertize raises on consumers (Source Neilsen Survey Anon, 2012)1.2 motivationFrom the above, it bungh ole be understood that social media has a profound squeeze on the consumers choice of brands and that it is bring out to engage efficaciously with customers. There is a lot of lit that discusses about the social media impact on consumers, why businesses should engage with customers, exploiting social media to provide value add and so forth The chief(prenominal) aim of this seek is to look into miscellaneous key researches in this area and to provide a critical freshen on the literature. The critical review aims to see if The puzzles are place all the way The literature provides a balanced view There are gaps in the literature1.3 Research cropThe achievement of the research is admittedly stubborn by measuring the extent to which each of the research objectives is met. The future(a) steps are followed during this research to hold in its success. These steps are as follows Firstly, a scene into the research and its motivations is given. Following this, the key literat ure in this area is thoroughly investigated. This is intended to ensure that all aspects of the research are identified and that the challenges or gaps in the current literature are clearly understood. Next, the literature is critically analysed to see if the problems are identified and if it provides a balanced view of the topic. It alike looks into the research method actingology to see if the methods employ are consistent with the qualitative and quantitative methods and also checks for what has not been provided. Finally, this research concludes by providing a conclusion that is supported by proof presented in the literature. It also makes recommendations where appropriate. In summary, this chapter has provided a brief overview of the research, address the key challenges or gaps in the literature and justified the shoot to conduct this research. This chapter has also set the background and motivations for the research in order to enable the reader to emend understand the accompanying chapters. The central question for the research has addressed here, and the reader now also understands the problem statements that have led to this research.2.0 Literature brush upThis research discusses about social media and its effect on branding and consumers. But what is social mediaThe term social media can be particularised as Many online tools that abandon people with similar interests to share training, bring out from others, or network in an lax process. The information found on these sites is ordinarily referred to as user-generated content, which means anyone is able to post with minimal restrictions or oversight.(Wilson, 2010) Drury (2007) discusses how marketers of different businesses can efficaciously engage in social media merchandise. The paper gives a jolly cosmopolitan view on what social media is and the role of marketing in social media. It discusses about how social media can be monetised by the marketers. The paper lists out opportuni ties that can be tapped for commercial benefits and also speech patternes on the fluid marketing strategy and describes the success criteria for measuring success. The paper however has the following drawbacks It is very much general and has no qualitative or quantitative measures to define the success criteria. It gives a dandy boilers suit picture but it would have been better if the context of the paper was more towards assessing the impact or the Return on enthronisation (ROI) of a particularized sector or business. It lacks specific examples and also does not honorable mention any strategy for writ of execution or even list challenges that organisations face plot of ground implementing good strategies for social media marketing. Michaelidou et al (2011) in their research discuss about social media marketings impact on sensitive and culture medium B2B brands. They discuss in detail the adaption of social media networking as a marketing platform to be able to achieve t he brand objectives and also the perceptions approximately the barriers of using social marketing networks. The research paper makes use of email surveys to understand the usage of social media by fine and medium scale businesses that operate in the UK and the main drivers that motivate SMEs to adapt to the sensitive channel of marketing. It clearly states the motivation of the research, expectant appropriate background to the research and the method utilise for the research is depicted concisely. The research analyses the findings from the email survey and discusses the methods used for analysis. It provides a broad range of information and also clearly identifies the shortcomings in the business implementation of social media networking practices. It discusses how these pitfalls can be smite and provides dilate for further improvement areas and celestial orbit for additional research in the future. The drawbacks of the paper are hear sizing The strain size of the survey could have been more and also various other methods for obtaining the review could have been used. This would have ensured that the B2B base was thoroughly covered. Focus The focus is on B2B businesses alone. It would have been interesting to see the results if the research was all-encompassing to B2C as well for small and medium scale enterprises. Some researches focus specifically on sciences gap in digital marketing within specific industries. whizz such research concentrates on the intercourses industry (Royle and Laing, 2014). The research discusses the need for having the prerequisite skills in digital marketing pipe bowl and stresses on the growth and popularity of digital/social media marketing. The research explores the various gaps in the industry for digital marketing with a specific emphasis to communications sector and provides a best practice guide for the industry. It details the challenges that organisations face magical spell implementing social media marketin g and discusses the need to have evaluation criteria and prosody to critically analyse the success of social marketing strategies and campaigns within organisations. The paper dialogue about the key challenges that businesses face while trying to merge traditional marketing practices with that of social marketing. The rationale for the research is clearly mentioned and the literature review is comprehensive. The conceptual framework is clearly slender and the methodology used for developing the framework is precise. The research makes use of focus groups and interviews to be able to calculate the skill gap in the industry. The drawbacks of this research are Limited sample size The research could have used more samples to be able to analyse effectively the findings. habituated that the research has already contract down by industry, it would have been good to get a more detailed view of the industry and a bigger sample would have facilitated this. A study by Harvard demarcatio n come off (Edelman, 2010) discusses how the mesh and the social marketing has changed not completely the way businesses operate but also how consumers choose their products. It takes the reader do the funnel shape metaphor which was earlier being used by marketers to understand how consumers choose their products and how this has go to a more open-ended admission whereby consumers no longer follow a methodical approach of selecting products. It stresses how important it is for brands to be able to connect with the consumers and studied the consumers decisions crosswise five different industries namely automobiles, skincare, insurance, mobile telecommunications and electronics in three different continents. ground on the results of the study, it proposed a four-stage model that focuses on todays consumers using social media for advocating products and also purchasing based on the reviews and advocacy received. The research takes the reader through the entire customer journey and tells the businesses what it should not focus its energy and resources on. Providing statistical information about various surveys enables the businesses to identify the key areas that it should concentrate on to be able to build a good brand image online. Though the research is comprehensive it lacks in the following Framework It does not suggest what needs to be do and a framework for implementing those. The key focus is on what not to be done and it leaves it to the businesses to work on the best strategy. Sample size and analysis The research does not disclose the sample size or indicate clearly the analysis method used to come to the conclusion. This section worked on identifying key research in the literature and also provided a critical review of each of the researches identified.3.0 ConclusionThough thither is a lot of literature on various aspects including but not exceptional to effects of social media on small and medium scale enterprises, identification of skill g aps in social media with specific emphasis to certain industries, general study on implementation challenges, perception of social media on businesses, barriers to adaptation of social media by businesses etc. it can be found that there is not much literature that specifically talks about a habitual framework for adapting to social media marketing along with the challenges that businesses might face and the evaluation criteria. Similarly while most of these researches make use of one or more methods for selective information collection, it is not very comprehensive. There is a gap in the current literature in terms of data collect from a wide range of sources using a bigger sample set. Given that technology has enabled a higher reach to customers, it would be good to get a larger sample to be able to effectively analyse the results. In many cases, the limitations of the research stove could be worked on to be able to get more information on the above mentioned areas. In short, it can be said that the social media marketing and the research around it are yet to attain the maturity train and there is a lot of scope for research that would aid businesses to effectively comprehend and manage social media marketing concerns and get the hang challenges in a seamless and stress-free manner.4.0 ReferencesTuten, 2008 Advertising 2.0 friendly Media market in a Web 2.0 world, Greenwood publish group. Qualman, 2012 Socialnomics How social media transforms the way we live and do business, John Wiley & Sons Livas-Lujan, 2013 Social Media in Strategic Marketing, Emerald Group publishing limited Somerville, 2014 18 digital Marketing Trends you may not have hear about, The Fresh Egg blog accessed at http//www.freshegg.co.uk/blog/18-digital-marketing-trends-for-2014 Anon, 2013 IAB Social Media Effectiveness Research, IAB UK accessed at http//www.iabuk.net/research/library/iab-social-media-effectiveness-research Chaney, 2012 Brands should use social media to engage cons umers, amplify messages and promote trust, Digital intelligence today accessed at http//digitalintelligencetoday.com/brands-should-use-social-media-to-engage-consumers-amplify-messages-and-promote-trust-survey-says/ Anon, 2012 state of the Media, The social media report, Neilsen Wilson, 2010 Social Media and Small Business Marketing, University Business Printing and press, USA Drury, 2007 judgement Piece Social Media Should marketers engage and how can it be done effectively?, ledger of Direct, Data and Digital Marketing praxis Michaelidou et al, 2011 Usage, Barriers and measurement of social media marketing An searching investigation of small and medium B2B brands, Elsevier Royle and Liang, 2014 The digital marketing skills gap Developing a digital marketer model for communication industries, Elsevier Edelman, 2010 Branding in the digital age Youre spending your money in all the wrong places, Harvard Business Review